National Immunization Strategy, Communicable-Disease Control & Nutrition Programs – Key Vocabulary

Flashcards cover core concepts, terms, vaccines, cold-chain logistics, adverse-event surveillance, HEARTS CVD management, tuberculosis control, HIV strategies and nutrition programs as presented in the lecture.

Estrategia Nacional de Inmunizaciones (ENI)

Joint national plan led by MoH, WHO & PAHO to control, eliminate or eradicate vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs).

Enfermedades Prevenibles por Vacunación (EPV)

Diseases whose incidence can be reduced or eliminated through vaccines.

OMS / WHO

World Health Organization – global health authority involved in immunization standards and goals.

OPS / PAHO

Pan American Health Organization – regional office of WHO coordinating immunization in the Americas.

Misión de la ENI

Provide equitable access to safe, free, high-quality vaccines nationwide.

Visión de la ENI

Achieve control, elimination or eradication of VPDs in the country.

Objetivo General ENI

Lower morbidity and mortality from VPDs in target populations.

Principio de Acceso Universal

Guarantees full vaccine coverage for all ethnic and cultural groups.

Principio de Gratuidad

Vaccines offered at no cost in all public and complementary health units.

Principio de Calidad (ENI)

Ensures safe procedures, effective vaccines, proper storage and continuous training.

Cadena de Frío

System of equipment, procedures and logistics to keep vaccines at +2 to +8 °C until use.

Banco Nacional de Vacunas

Central storehouse maintaining national vaccine stocks within the cold chain.

Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM)

Label that changes color to show cumulative heat exposure of a vaccine.

Política de Frascos Abiertos

Guidelines that allow multi-dose vials to be used in subsequent sessions if cold chain and asepsis are maintained.

Inyección Segura

Practice that safeguards the recipient, the vaccinator and the environment (e.g., no recapping needles).

ESAVI

Evento Supuestamente Atribuible a la Vacunación o Inmunización – any health event occurring after vaccination, investigated for causal link.

ESAVI Grave

Event causing death, life-threat, hospitalization, disability or congenital anomaly after vaccination.

Error Programático

Preventable error in vaccine storage, preparation or administration leading to ESAVI.

Vacuna Viva Atenuada

Vaccine containing live pathogens weakened to lose virulence (e.g., SRP, BCG).

Vacuna Inactivada

Vaccine with pathogens killed by heat or chemicals (e.g., Salk IPV, influenza).

Toxoide

Detoxified bacterial toxin used as antigen (e.g., tetanus toxoid).

Vacuna Conjugada

Polysaccharide linked to a protein carrier to enhance immunity (e.g., neumococo PCV13).

BCG

Live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine preventing severe childhood TB; 0.05–0.1 ml intradermic at birth.

Vacuna Pentavalente

Combined DPT + Hep B + Hib; 0.5 ml IM at 2,4,6 months.

Rotavirus Vaccine

Oral live attenuated vaccine preventing severe diarrhoea; given at 2 & 4 months.

IPV (fIPV)

Fractional injectable inactivated polio vaccine (0.1 ml ID) at 2 & 4 months.

bOPV

Bivalent oral polio vaccine (types 1&3); 2 drops at 6 months & boosters.

Vacuna Neumococo Conjugada

PCV; protects against pneumococcal pneumonia/meningitis; 0.5 ml IM at 2,4,6 months.

SRP / MMR

Measles-Rubella-Mumps live attenuated vaccine; 0.5 ml SC at 12 & 18 months.

Vacuna Varicela

Live attenuated Oka strain; 0.5 ml SC at 15 months.

DPT

Triple bacterial toxoid/whole-cell vaccine; booster at 18 months & 5 years.

dT (adult)

Tetanus-diphtheria toxoid for ≥10 yrs & pregnant women; 0.5 ml IM.

HPV Vaccine

Quadrivalent (6,11,16,18) IM 2-dose schedule for 9-year-old girls/boys (0,6 mo).

Influenza Trivalente

Inactivated split vaccine updated yearly; 0.25 ml (<3 yrs) or 0.5 ml IM annually.

Fiebre Amarilla Vacuna

Live attenuated 17D; single SC dose at 12 months; life-long immunity.

Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine

mRNA vaccine; 0.3 ml IM ×2 (21 days) + booster ≥6 mo.

Sinovac-CoronaVac

Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; 0.5 ml IM ×2 (28 days).

CanSino Vaccine

Adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccine; single 0.5 ml IM dose + booster ≥6 mo.

Plan Nacional de Vacunación COVID-19

Ecuadorian schedule: annual booster for ≥18 yrs; Moderna 2-dose from 6 months of age.

Contraindicación Absoluta

Condition under which a vaccine must never be given (e.g., anaphylaxis to component).

Cadena de Frío – Zona de Refrigeración

+2 to +8 °C compartment inside vaccine refrigerator where most vaccines stored.

Cadena de Frío – Zona de Congelación

−7 to −15 °C freezer/evaporator area used to freeze cold packs; never store toxoids here.

Termo de Vacunación

Insulated container with conditioned ice packs to transport vaccines while maintaining 2-8 °C.

Indicadores de Cobertura

Numerical measures comparing doses administered to target population size to evaluate program performance.

Monitoreo Rápido de Coberturas (MRC)

House-to-house survey tool to verify vaccination status & identify reasons for missed doses.

10 Correctos de Medicación

Patient, drug, dose, time, route, documentation, patient info, history, allergies, responsibility.

Cuidados Post-Vacunales

Advice such as warm compress, avoid massage, observe for fever to minimize adverse events.

HEARTS Initiative

PAHO/WHO package for CV-risk management in primary care (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia).

Módulo H – Hábitos

HEARTS component promoting healthy lifestyles: diet, salt reduction, physical activity.

Módulo E – Evidencia

Evidence-based standardized treatment protocols within HEARTS.

Calculadora de Riesgo Cardiovascular

HEARTS mobile app to stratify 10-year CVD risk using regional charts.

Toma Adecuada de Presión Arterial

Back and feet supported, arm at heart level, proper cuff size, 5 min rest, no talking.

Protocolo Farmacológico HEARTS

Step-wise combo therapy starting Losartán 100 mg + Amlodipina 5 mg, adding chlorthalidone as needed.

TB – Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Aerobic bacillus (1–4 µm) causing pulmonary & extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Baciloscopía (BK)

Ziehl-Neelsen smear microscopy; detects acid-fast bacilli; quick but low sensitivity.

Prueba Molecular Rápida (Xpert MTB/RIF)

PCR test detecting MTB DNA & rifampicin resistance within 2 h.

MDR-TB

TB resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin.

XDR-TB

TB resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, any fluoroquinolone and at least one second-line injectable.

DOTS / TAES

Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course; ensures supervised intake of all TB doses.

TPTL (Terapia Preventiva TB Latente)

Isoniazid 9 m or weekly 3HP regimen for contacts, HIV+ persons and <5 yrs.

ESQUEMA 2HRZE/4HR

Standard 6-month first-line TB treatment: 2 months HRZE then 4 months HR.

Cadena de Contactos

Systematic identification & screening of household and close contacts of TB index case.

SISVAN

Sistema Integrado de Vigilancia Alimentaria Nutricional monitoring growth & anemia in mothers/children.

Programa Integrado de Micronutrientes (PIM)

Provides iron + folic acid to pregnant women and iron/vit A to children 6-24 m.

Suplemento Hierro Gotas Pediátricas

20 drops once-twice daily after meals for 6-59-month-olds to prevent anaemia.

Megadosis Vitamina A

100 000 IU (6-11 m) or 200 000 IU (12-59 m) every 6 months; extra dose in measles/diarrhea.

Plan Intersectorial de Alimentación y Nutrición (PIANE 2018-2025)

Eight-line plan addressing malnutrition through health, water, food security & social protection.

Semáforo Nutricional

Front-of-pack label using red-yellow-green colors for sugar, fat & salt levels.

Plato Saludable

Half vegetables/fruits, quarter proteins (preferably fish), quarter carbohydrates for balanced meals.

Lactancia Materna Exclusiva

Feeding infants only breast milk for first 6 months; best nutrition & immune protection.

PrEP (Profilaxis Pre-Exposición)

Antiretroviral use in HIV-neg high-risk groups to prevent infection.

PEP (Profilaxis Post-Exposición)

28-day antiretroviral course started ≤72 h after occupational or sexual HIV exposure.

ETMI-Plus

Strategy integrating elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, syphilis, HBV & Chagas.

95-95-95 Targets

UNAIDS goals: 95 % diagnosed, 95 % on ART, 95 % virally suppressed by 2030.

Prueba Rápida VIH 4ª Generación

Detects HIV-1/2 antibodies & p24 antigen; reduces window period ~18 days.

TB/VIH Coinfection

Dual infection requiring immediate HIV test in TB cases & integrated treatment.

RR-TB

Tuberculosis with rifampicin resistance detected by molecular or phenotypic tests.

Antígeno LAM Orina

Point-of-care test detecting lipoarabinomannan in urine of HIV-positive or severe TB patients.

BCG Behavior in Cold Chain

Must not freeze; store 2-8 °C; diluent pre-cooled but never frozen.

Invaginación Intestinal

Rare post-rotavirus vaccine adverse event; severe colicky pain, bloody “currant jelly” stools.

Parálisis Flácida Asociada a Vacuna (VAPP)

Rare acute flaccid paralysis after OPV (~1 per 1.5 million first doses).

Vacuna Segura – Nunca

Never leave needle in vial, never pre-load syringes, never let vial cap get wet.

Registro Nominal de Vacunación Electrónico (RNVE)

Individualized digital system storing life-long vaccination records, improving coverage & traceability.

Evento Coincidente (ESAVI)

Health event temporally associated but unrelated causally to vaccination.

Evento No Concluyente

ESAVI where available evidence insufficient to confirm or rule out causal link.

Cultivo MGIT

Automated liquid medium detecting TB growth in ~14 days; gold standard for diagnosis & DST.

Área de Congelación – Precaución

Keep toxoids & DPT/DTP away to prevent freezing and potency loss.

Paquetes Fríos Condicionados

Ice packs allowed to “sweat” before packing to avoid freezing vaccines.

10-15 g/dL Hb Cut-off

WHO thresholds determining anaemia in different age/sex groups.

Desnutrición Crónica

Stunting from long-term inadequate nutrient intake or repeated infections; >50 % prevalence flagged.

HEARTS – 6 Pillars

Healthy lifestyle, Evidence-based protocols, Access to medicines, Risk stratification, Team care, Systems monitoring.

Síndrome de Reconstitución Inmune

Inflammatory response following ART initiation in TB-HIV cases; start ART 4 weeks after TB therapy.

3HP Regimen

Weekly Isoniazid + Rifapentine for 12 weeks to treat latent TB infection (>2 yrs).

Fármacos Anti-TB Primera Línea

H – Isoniazid, R – Rifampicin, Z – Pyrazinamide, E – Ethambutol, S – Streptomycin.

Nutrición – Plato de Harvard

Visual guide recommending water, plant foods, healthy proteins, whole grains & limited sugar/salt.