FOSC201 - vitamins and minerals

Vitamins and minerals

Vitamins are

in all foods at low levels

Vit A for

development of embryo, skin, process of sight in animals

Sources of Vit A

Retinol, retinal - animals

Carotenoids - plants

Loss of activity of Vit A from

Heat

Oxidation

Vit A analysed

Fluorometry

HPLC

Vit D for

fighting fatigue

osteoporosis

calcium absorption

Sources of vit D

Cholecalciferol

Ergocalciferol

Loss of activity by

oxidation

Vit D analysed by

HPLC

Vit E for

antioxidant, anticancer, overall health

Sources of Vit E

non polar antioxidants (seed oils, leafy greens)

tocopherols and tocotrienols

Loss of activity of Vit E

Oxygen

Heat

Vit E analysed by

Fluorimetry

UV

HPLC

Vit K for

Blood clotting

Sources Vit K

Leafy vegetables

Tomatoes

Oils

Liver

Loss of activity vit K

Light

Vit K analysed using

HPLC

Vit C for

Antioxidant

scar tissue

blood vessel formation

collagen synthesis

Deficiency = scurvy

Sources Vit C

Fruit

Veg

Animal tissue

Ascorbic acid

Loss of activity Vit C

Heat

Processing

High solubility

Vit C analysed

UV

HPLC

Fat soluble vit

A,D,E,K

Water soluble vit

C, B

Vit B1 - thiamin

for food metabolism, D/RNA production

Vit B1 sources

fruits

veg

animal tissues

Loss of activity Vit B1

processing at neutral pH

high solubility

Vit B1 analysed

Fluorimetry

HPLC

Vit B2 - riboflavin for

co enzyme for FAD

Redox reactions during respiration

Sources Vit B2

cow and human milk

Flavins

Loss of activity of Vit B2

light

stable acid

heat

low aw

Vit B2 analysed

Fluorimetry

Microbial utilization

HPLC

Vit B3 Niacin

Coenzyme for NAD NADP NADH NADPH

Sources Vit B3

Veg

Animal tissues

nicotinic acid

Loss of activity Vit B3

Processing due to high solubility

Vit B3 analysed using

microbiological assay

UV

HPLC

Vit B6 for

Enzyme catalysed amino acid reactions

Sources Vit B6

fruit

veg

animal muscle and organs

Vit B6 loss of activity

Heat

Light

Vit B6 analysed

microbiological

HPLC

Vit B9 - folate

mediates 1 carbon transfer reactions

Deficiency causes neural tube defect

Sources of B9 - folate

Plants

animals

bacteria

folic acid

Loss of activity B9

processing due to high solubility

oxidation

Analysis B9

HPLC

Vit B12

Anaemia relief

Co-enzyme in DNA methylations

Sources B12

Bacteria

Algae

Animals

Fermented foods

Minerals are biomass elements other than

C, H, O, N

Present in low conc

Cannot be synthesized by living organisms

2 types of minerals

Major/ macro

• Calcium

• phosphorous

• potassium

• sodium

• magnesium

Minor/trace

• sulfur

• iron

• chlorine

• cobalt

• copper

• zinc

• iodine

Forms of minerals

Elemental

Free ions

Compounds

Bound to non minerals

Complexes

Bioavailability of minerals influecend by

Nutrient form

Food ligands

Redox activity

Mineral - mineral interactions

Body physiological