Module 1: Cells as the Basis of Life

These flashcards cover key concepts about cell structure and the differentiation between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, based on lecture notes.

What invention in the 1920s greatly enhanced our understanding of cell function?

The electron microscope.

What are the two major types of cells?

Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

What hallmark defines prokaryotic cells?

They lack nuclei and other organelles.

What process allows prokaryotic cells to reproduce?

Asexual binary fission.

What separates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells in terms of genetic material?

Prokaryotic cells have free-floating genetic material, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

What evolutionary advantage does the eukaryotic nucleus provide?

It offers extra protection for genetic material during cell division.

What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

They contain membrane-bound organelles.

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

It explains how eukaryotic cells originated from symbiotic relationships with prokaryotic cells.

What are the four main groups into which the eukaryotic domain diversified?

Plants, fungi, animals, and protists.

What is the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?

To synthesize proteins.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

To process and package macromolecules.

Where do lysosomes function within a cell?

As the garbage disposal, digesting excess or aged organelles and foreign materials.

What are chloroplasts responsible for?

Photosynthesis in plant and algal cells.

What is the primary structural component of the cell membrane?

Phospholipids.

What is the fluid mosaic model?

It describes the structure of the cell membrane as a mosaic of various proteins that float in or on the fluid lipid bilayer.

How do cilia differ from flagella?

Cilia are shorter and can either aid movement or serve sensory functions; flagella are longer and propel the cell.

What distinguishes archaea from bacteria?

Differences in membrane lipids and genetic mechanisms.

What are the components of the nuclear envelope?

It consists of a double membrane that encloses the nucleus.

How does the endoplasmic reticulum differ between smooth and rough types?

Smooth ER has no ribosomes and synthesizes lipids, while rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis.