Respiratory System Pt.1

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Nose

• Nasal cavity

• Pharynx

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveolar ducts

• Alveoli

Conducting Zone (Function, Structures Involved)

• Transport/conducting air

• Nose → terminal bronchioles

Respiratory Zone (Function, Structures Involved)

• Gas exchange with blood

• Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Nose

• Paired nasal bones

• Hyaline cartilage

  • One pair of lateral cartilage

  • Two pairs of alar (lower lateral) cartilage

• Warm, moistens & filter air before reaching the lungs

Nasal Conchae

• Bony projections along lateral wall of nasal cavity

• Increase amount of contact between inhaled air and mucous membranes

• Contain blood vessels that warm and humidify the inhaled air

Paranasal Sinuses

Swept mucus and foreign particles into nasal cavity and then into pharynx

Nasopharynx (Epithelial Type)

• Only air pass through

• Auditory tubes that connect it to the middle ear. Equalize pressure between ear and atmosphere

• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx (Epithelial Type)

• Stratified squamous epithelium

• Passageway for food & air

Epiglottis

• Component of larynx

• Consist of elastic cartilage (everything else of larynx is made up of hyaline)

• Closes over laryngeal inlet during swallowing

Intrinsic Ligaments (Function)

Function in voice production and help close larynx when swallowing

Extrinsic Muscles

Stabilize the larynx and move it during swallowing

Tracheal

• 15-20C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

• Rigidity ensures that trachea remains open

• Flexibility allows distension when swallowing food and expulsion of air during coughing

Lungs

Right lung

• 3 lobes that are larger and wider

Left lung

• 2 lobes and it has cardiac notch

Pleural Cavity (Contain)

• Space between visceral and parietal membranes

• Contains serous fluid to decrease friction between the membranes during breathing

Bronchi

• Incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage that support the walls of the main bronchi

• Ensure the walls remain open

• Support lessens as diameter decreases

Terminal Bronchioles

• Bronchoconstriction: contraction of smooth muscle to narrow the diameter of the bronchiole that leads to decreasing air flow (asthma)

• Bronchodilation: relaxation of smooth muscle to increases diameter of bronchiole that leads to increasing air flow

Alveolar Cells

• Alveolar Type I cell: facilitate gas exchange

• Alveolar Type II cell: produce pulmonary surfactant (oily fluid) to prevent collapse of alveolus

Respiratory Membrane

• Consists of six layers that gases must cross to enter the blood from the alveoli or vice versa

Alveoli

Tiny, grape-like air sacs at the end of the air tubes in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide swap places

Primary Bronchi

• 1 on the left

• 1 on the right

Secondary Bronchi

• 3 on the right

• 2 on the left

Pathway of Air

1. Nose

2. Nasal Cavity

3. Pharynx

4. Larynx

5. Trachea

6. Primary Bronchi

7. Secondary Bronchi

8. Tertiary Bronchi

9. Terminal Bronchioles

10. Respiratory

11. Bronchioles

12. Alveolar Ducts

13. Alveoli

Pulse Meter (Reference Range)

Measure oxygen saturation, reference range is close 100%