AP euro victorian people

Sigmund Freud

(1856–1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a major school of thought in psychology that focuses on the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

Alexandre Dumas 

(1802–1870) was a renowned French novelist and playwright, best known for classic adventure stories such as The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo. His works are celebrated for their vivid characters, fast-paced plots, and themes of friendship, justice, betrayal, and revenge. 

Herbert Spencer

was a philosopher who applied evolutionary ideas to society, developing the concept of “social Darwinism.” His ideas strongly influenced political theory, sociology, and 19th-century thinking about progress.

Émile Zola

was a leading figure of literary naturalism, using detailed realism to expose social problems like poverty and injustice. His novel Germinal and his role in the Dreyfus Affair made him a symbol of social conscience.

William Lovett

was a leader of the Chartist movement in Britain, which fought for political reforms such as voting rights for working-class men. He played a key role in expanding democracy.

Millicent Fawcett

 was a leading British suffragist who campaigned peacefully for women’s right to vote. Her efforts helped secure women’s suffrage in the early 20th century.

Lord Shaftesbury

Lord Shaftesbury was a social reformer who worked to improve factory conditions, child labor laws, and housing for the poor. His reforms greatly improved living conditions in Victorian Britain.

Florence Nightingale

modernized nursing and healthcare through sanitation and organization during the Crimean War. She laid the foundation for professional nursing and hospital reform.

Charles Lyell

was a geologist who argued that Earth was shaped by slow, continuous processes over long periods. His ideas influenced Charles Darwin and the development of evolutionary theory.

Alfred Russel Wallace

 independently developed the theory of natural selection alongside Darwin. His work was crucial in shaping modern evolutionary biology.

Michael Faraday

made groundbreaking discoveries in electromagnetism and electricity. His work led to the development of electric motors and modern electrical science.

Louis Pasteur

revolutionized medicine and science by proving the germ theory of disease. He developed vaccines and pasteurization, saving millions of lives.

Gottlieb Daimler

was a pioneer of the internal combustion engine and automobile development. His innovations helped create the modern car industry.

Emmeline Pankhurst

was a radical leader of the British suffragette movement. Her militant tactics brought national attention to women’s voting rights.

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

was the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain. She broke barriers for women in medicine and education.

Charles Dickens

 was one of the greatest Victorian novelists, using his stories to criticize social inequality and injustice. His works influenced public opinion and social reform.

Friedrich Nietzsche

challenged traditional morality and religion, introducing ideas such as the “Übermensch” and “will to power.” His philosophy deeply influenced modern thought, psychology, and literature.

Charles Stewart Parnell

was a key Irish political leader who fought for Irish self-government (Home Rule). He reshaped Irish nationalism in the late 19th century.

Claude Monet

was a founder of Impressionism, transforming painting through his use of light, color, and movement. His work changed modern art forever.

William Gladstone

was a major British prime minister who promoted liberal reforms, expanded voting rights, and addressed Irish issues. He shaped Victorian-era politics.

Richard Wagner

was a revolutionary composer who transformed opera through dramatic storytelling and musical innovation. His influence on music and culture was immense.

Giuseppe Verdi

was one of Italy’s greatest opera composers, known for emotionally powerful works. His music also became a symbol of Italian nationalism.

Charles Darwin

 developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, fundamentally changing biology and humanity’s understanding of life. His work remains one of the most important scientific contributions in history.