IPHY 3430 Exam 1

function - why?

teleogical

mechanism - how?

mechanistic

physiology studies… (choose all)

animals (1 species), function of tissues/organs, humans, plants (1 species), structure of tissues and organs

all except structure

how is energy stored in body?

chem bonds, concentration gradients, elec gradients

effector/target

most directly brings response

integrator

evaluates all inputs and sends instructions ab what to do

physiological response/effect

restore value to set point

sensor

monitor and report on regulated variable

regulated variable

physiological variable being regulated by body

set point

range of values body is trying to maintain

stimulus

causes deviation from set point

what type of transport goes low to high?

primary and secondary active

which transport directly uses ATP?

primary active transport

what type of energy is necessary to allow a molecule to move via facilitated diffusion?

potential

3 types of bio work

chem, mechanical, transport

feedforward

anticipate change, wont respond to unexpected

negative feedback

restore homeostasis

positive feedback

enhance, rapid changes, not homeostatic

hydrophobic

nonpolar, can go through

hydrophillic

polar, needs facilitation

high to low grandient

passive

unassisted transport

simple diffusion, gases, lipids, steroids

Fick’s law

solubility, size, composition, surface area, travel distance

assisted transport

facilitated (incl aquaporins) or active, ions, glucose, amino acids, water

primary active

carrier, binds ATP directly

secondary active

carrier, uses stored ATP

channel proteins

passive, ions and water, leakage or gated

carrier proteins

uniporter, cotransporter (sym or anti)

basic transport types

unassisted, assisted, vesicles

vesicular transport

very large molecules, ATP, motor proteins

penetrating solute

no movement of water or change in cell V

nonpenetrating solute

water goes in/out to equalize

hypotonic

dilutue solution, swollen cell

hypertonic

concentrated solution, shrunk cell

what is not a basic method of cell communication?

blood transported, contact-dependent, cytoplasmic transfer, diffused chem signals, mechanical signals

mechanical signals

biggest difference between autocrine and paracrine

cell that responds

depolarization

membrane potential get more positive, more permeable to Na and Ca

hyperpolarization

cell membrane get more negative

excitable cell types (use changes to communicate)

muscle, neuron

What will NOT alter rest potential for a few hours?

Inhibiting Na/K pump

which ion is cell most permeable to at rest?

K

ion flow has what effect

changes charge separation, changes membrane potential

resting potential results from

membrane permeablility to K/Na, uneven distribution of ions across membrane

equilibrium potential for ion depends on?

ion’s concentration gradient

long distance signaling

electrical or chemical

gap junctions

local, contact

juxtacrine

local, contact, ligand to receptor

autocrine

local, signal that binds to SELF

paracrine

local, signal that binds to NEIGHBOR

cytokines

small peptide released to mediate immune responses

neuroimmunomodulation

immune, endocrine, and nervous modulated by stress and ilness

electrical gated channels

chemical. voltage, mechanically

E_x for each ion

K+ -80, Na+ -65, Ca+ +123, Cl- -65

chemical and electrical force are equal and opposite at?

equilibrium potential E_x

chemical force based on

concentration gradient

electrical force based on

valence (charge)

equilibrium potential E_x purpose

calculate for single ion using Nernst

equilibrium potential E_x represents

single ion species electrochemical equilibrium point

driving force

difference between equilibrium potential and resting membrane potential

what determines ion flow

driving force

resting membrane potential (Vrest) applies to

cell and represent charge separation along membrane

resting membrane potential (Vrest) calculation

GHK or approx with Vrest equation

multiple species E_x determines…

resting membrane potential

membrane permeability is due to

leakage channels