Cell Mutations/Organic and Inorganic Compounds/DNA 💦🍔🥑🍞

Cell Mutations

Abnormal behaviors or death (Cancer)

What are Abnormal Changes in cell?

-Disease

-Injury

-Exercise

-Stress

-Radiation Damage

What are the tasks of the cell?

-React

-Repair

-Regulate

-Reproduce

-Grow

-Protect

-Move

Needs of the Cell

-Oxygen

-Food

-Water

Lack of Oxygen =

Leads to necrosis

Protoplasm

A colorless, jelly-like substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present.

Protoplasm is the same thing as

Cytoplasm

What contains organic and inorganic compounds?

Protoplasm

Water Percentage in Cell

80-85%

Protein Percentage in Cell

15%

Lipid Percentage in Cell

2%

Carbohydrate Percentage in Cell

1%

Nucleic Acids Percentage in Cell

1%

What does water do for the cell?

-Solvent

-Transports substances

-Dispertion for metabolic activities

-Absorb and Give out heat

-Cushions Organs

-Maintains Body Core Temp

-Lubricates Digestive and Sekeletal Systems

What Inorganic Substances?

Water

Salt

Potassium

Minerals

Anything that does not have Carbon

What causes muscle cramps?

Loss of salts

What helps proper cell performance?

Salt

Potassium functions as a

Electrolyte

Loss of Potassium Causes

Diarrhea/Vomitting

Hypokalemia (leg cramps, tiredness, abdnormal heart rhythm)

Orgain Compounds Contain

Most basic constitute of all organic matter

Carbon

Proteins

Building Blocks of the body
Amino Acids Link - Form a Protein

Essential for growth and repai

Proteins

Monomer

Basic Unit

Polymer

Joined Monomers

Macromolecule

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer. (alot of polymers)

Anytime a cell encounters damage it will get ____________

Repaired

Types of Protein

-Albumin (Egg Whites)

-Enzymes

-Insulin

-Gelatin

-Hemoglobin

Enzymes

catalysts that speed up chemical reactions for repair

Structural Proteins

-Shape

-Form

-Hear

-Energy

Enzymatic Proteins

Catalysts (Affect rate and speed of repair reactions)
Can mend broken molecules

Enzymes =

Proteins

Repair Enzymes can:

Mend damaged molecules from rad damage

What is vital to cell survival?

Repair Enzymes

Repair enzymes are more likely to fix ___________ and less likely to fix ________________

X-rays
Radiation Therapy Dose

Fractionation

Delivery Method for Radiation Therapy

Protein Hormones are

Testosterone (Endocrine Glands)
Estrogen (Endocrine Glands)
Insulin (Pancreas)

Antibodies are made where?

Bone Marrow

B Lymphocyte

WBC

Protection for the Body

T lymphocytes

WBC
Detect the presence of foreign substances (Cancer Cells)

Who do not have WBC?

Neutropenic Patients

Antigen

Foreign Substance (COVID)

What is the Primary Source of Energy in the cell?

Carbohydrates
Feeds the cell

Carbohydrates are what?

starches and sugars

What part of the body are carbohydrates most abundant in?

Liver and Muscle

Functions of Lipids

-Stores Energy

-Protection against temp

-Aids in digestion

-Supports organs

-Lubricates joints

Nucleic Acids are

DNA and RNA

DNA has

Phosphates, Deoxyribose and Base

Purines

Adenine = A
Guanine = G

Pyrimides

Cytosine = C
Thymine = T

Rails of DNA

Deoxyribose sugars and phosphoric acids

Rungs of DNA

Nitrogenous Base

What is the brain of the cell?

nucleus

How many bases are there?

4 A&T C&G

If DNA sequencing is off, there will be

Mutations

What is in the middle of DNA that holds it together?

Hydrogen Bonds

What is the genetic code?

DNA

DNA is responsible for what?

Directing cellular activity and for transmitting genetic info

What is the primary target of radiation induced death?

DNA

Target Theory

Radiation hits DNA and kills the cell

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

What is RNA made out of?

Ribose Sugar, Nitrogen base pairs, and phosphate

What is DNA made out of?

Deoxyribose Sugar, Nitrogen Base Pairs, Phosphoric Acids

What is the messenger between DNA and Ribosomes?

RNA

RNA is a ______strand while DNA is a __________ strand

Single, Double

RNA replaces thymine with

Uracil

Uracil (RNA) pairs with _______

Adenine

RNA also acts as a _____

Enzyme

What is half of DNA?

RNA

What can leave the cell nucleus?

mRNA

What directs the process of making amino acids?

Messenger RNA

Resembles on half of a DNA molecule

Messenger RNA

RNA acts as a messenger between ___ and ___

DNA and ribosomes

Insulin is what type of protein?

hormonal

Albumin is what type of protein?

Storage

Gelatin is what type of protein?

Structural

Hemoglobin is what type of protein?

Transport

Enzymes is what type of proteins?

Catalysts, increase the rate of reactions/repairs

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work