OTHER RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT

Film and Cassette Changers

used in rapid and serial exposures

* Cut Film Changer
* Roll Film Changer

Film Cassette Changer (2)

Cut Film Changer

(Film Cassette Changer)

\
Maximum of 6 per second

Roll Film Changer

(Film Cassette Changer)

\
Maximum of 12 per second

Manual Cassette Changer

up to 1 exposure per second

Manual Cassette Changer

usually used in cerebral angiography where blood flow is slow

Manual Cassette Changer

3 to 5 cassettes held together in a holder by a large spring

Automatic Cassette Changer

designed to accomplish rapid serialization of examination

Automatic Cassette Changer

up to 3 exposure per second

fluoroscopic screen

in Photofluoroscopy Unit,

\
the photography of the image obtained on a _________

fluoroscopic unit

in Photofluoroscopy Unit,

\
a permanent record is made through the _______

Cinefluoro Unit

a specialized x-ray machine that uses a diagnostic technique in which a camera is used to record moving images of internal body structures produced through fluoroscopy

Cinefluoro Unit

a diagnostic technique in which a camera is used to record images of internal body structures produced through radiography or fluoroscopy

* Radiographic Units
* Fluoroscopic Units

Mobile Equipment (2)

Radiographic Units

\
\
* only capable of obtaining still images
* exposure factors are higher
* only one exposure at a time

Fluoroscopic Units

\
\
* dynamic images
* continuous procedure-more than 1 sec
* low exposure factors but higher patient dose because of continuous process

* Direct Power
* Battery Power
* Capacitor-Discharge
* High Frequency

Radiographic Unit (4)

Direct Power

(Radiographic Unit)

\
the mobile unit will turn on once you plug it in the power supply

Battery Power

(Radiographic Unit)

\
* stores charges
* no need outlet
* chemical-based

Capacitor-Discharge

(Radiographic Unit)

\
stores charges and when needed, it will be ***discharged***

stores in plates

High Frequency

(Radiographic Unit)

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small but can be placed in the tube housing

Mobile Radiographic Imaging

* mobile x-ray units can vary in the radiation output for a given exposure technique
* in addition, care must be exercised in transporting and manipulating the mobile unit at the patient’s bedside

Fluoroscopic Units

usually used to aid the physician during surgery or angiographic studies

Dedicated Units

fixed installation intended to demonstrate radiographic examination of a particular body part

* Chest
* Panoramic x-ray
* Bone Densitometry
* Mammography

Dedicated Units (4)

chest unit

(Dedicated Units)

\
a dedicated _________ is designed to image the thorax in the upright position

Panoramic x-ray

(Dedicated Units)

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designed to image curved surfaces, typically the mandible or the teeth

(Panorex)

brand name of Panoramic x-ray or short cut

Bone Densitometer

(Dedicated Units)

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also known as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA)

Bone Densitometer

(Dedicated Units)

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enhanced form of x-ray technology that is used to measure bone loss

Bone Densitometry

(Dedicated Units)

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specialized procedure using ionizing radiation to provide information on the condition of the skeletal bones (visualize not the structure, but the condition)

Bone Densitometry

(Dedicated Units)

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the anatomic regions are scanned with two different x-ray energies to isolate bone from soft tissue attenuation

Bone Densitometry

(Dedicated Units)

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the DXA scintillation detectors absorb the xray photons and convert the energy proportionally to visible light, which is measured and sent to a computer for data analysis.

DXA scintillation

(Bone Densitometry)

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the __________ detectors absorb the xray photons and convert the energy proportionally to visible light, which is measured and sent to a computer for data analysis.

T - Score

(Bone Densitometry)

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= indicates fracture risk

Z - Score

(Bone Densitometry)

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= may signify the need to evaluate patient for secondary causes of osteoporosis

* Central device
* Peripheral device

2 Types of DXA Equipment

Central device

(2 Types of DXA Equipment )

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used to measure bone densitometry in the axial skeleton

Peripheral device

(2 Types of DXA Equipment )

\
used to measure limbs

Mammography

is a specialized radiographic imaging procedure of the breast

24 to 34

(Mammography)

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low kVp is used (____kVp)

0\.1 to 0.3 mm

(Mammography)

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Focal spot size used is _____

beryllium

(Mammography)

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exit port is made up of _____

* produce low kVp photons by using a tube anode constructed molybdenum and rhodium,
* a molybdenum or rhodium-composed tube filter
* a beryllium port window
* smaller focal spot sizes for improved resolution
* a compression for imaging a more uniform breast
* and the ability to magnify areas of the breast

(Dedicated mammography Units)

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unique feature of a dedicated mammography unit include the ability to ________

Mammography and Xeroradiography

first attempted in 1920

late 1950's - Robert Egan

(year;name)

\
______ demonstrated a successful mammographic technique

\
He uses low kVp, high mAs and direct exposure film

1960's - Wolf and Ruzicka

(year;name)

\
Xeroradiography developed by _______

Xeroradiography

with substantially lower dose than what was needed using direct-exposure film

1. Immobilizes breast
2. Less thickness tissue
3. Uniform thickness
4. Reduces scatter radiation
5. Position closer to image receptor
6. Thinner tissue

Purpose of Compression during Mammography

Immobilizes breast

(Purpose of Compression during Mammography)

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reduces motion blur

Less thickness tissue

(Purpose of Compression during Mammography)

\
separates overlying tissue (superimposition); no overlapping of tissue

Uniform thickness

(Purpose of Compression during Mammography)

\
equal optical density on the mammogram/uniform overall radiographic density

Reduces scatter radiation

(Purpose of Compression during Mammography)

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improves contrast resolution; decreases unsharpness

Position closer to image receptor

(Purpose of Compression during Mammography)

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improves spatial resolution; decreases magnification

Thinner tissue

(Purpose of Compression during Mammography)

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reduces radiation dose

tungsten (Z=74), molybdenum (Z= 42) or a rhodium (z=45)

Target Composition is made of ______ (3)

molybdenum (Z= 42) or a rhodium (z=45)

(Target Composition)

\
most commonly used; has low k characteristic x-ray

20 to 35 kVp

(Target Composition)

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range of kVp use is from _____

* circular
* or rectangular

Focal Spot (2)

rotating

(Focal Spot)

\
circular= _____

\

stationary

(Focal Spot)

\
rectangular= ________

* (0.6/0.3)
* (0.5/0.2)
* (0.4/0.1)

(Focal Spot)

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sizes of large/small focal spot (3)

(1) preferred ;

(2) common

(Focal Spot)

\
circular anode is ______ but rectangular is ______

(1) heel effect ;

(2) chest

(Focal Spot)

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because of _______, the cathode side should be on the _______

microcalcification

(Focal Spot)

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small FSS is demanded for increased spatial resolution when imaging _______

Filtration

filter out low energy x-rays

30 to 60

(Filtration)

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should be filtered with ________ microns of molybdenum or rhodium

beryllium (Z=4), or borosilicate

(Filtration)

\
xray tube window is made up of ______

0\.1 mm Al equivalent *(HVL)*

(Filtration)

\
inherent filtration) =

(1) should not ;

(2) very thin

(Filtration)

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the xray window ______ attenuate the x-ray beam. it should be ______

0\.5 mm Al equivalent

(Filtration)

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total beam filtration should not exceed ______

high energy brehmsstrahlung x-rays

(Filtration)

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purpose of filter is to reduce __________

3 micrometer

(Filtration)

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if molybdenum target is used, molybdenum filtration of ________ is used

50 micrometer

(Filtration)

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if rhodium target is used, rhodium filtration of ________ is used

* Molybdenum - molybdenum
* rhodium - rhodium
* tungsten - rhodium

Common combination of Target and Filter (3)

Grids

filter out scatter radiation coming from the patient before it reaches the IR - that is to increase contrast/sharpness

\

Grids

moving grids

4:1 or 5:1

(Mammography)

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grid ratio =

Grid ratio

relationship between height/length of grid strip and its distance from one another

(1) higher

(2) more

(Grid ratio)

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the higher the grid ratio, the _____ the cleaning ability to filter scatter

the higher the grid ratio, the _______ scatter radiation absorbed

\

30 lines per centimeter

(Mammography)

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grid frequency =

higher

(Grid frequency)

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the higher grid frequency, the ______ cleaning ability

Film-Screen System

Single emulsion Film

Film (2)

Film-Screen System

(Film)

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intensifying screen (enclosed in cassette)

Single emulsion Film

(Film)

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only one side has emulsion

\

Dental X-ray Unit

The cylinder -(or cone) is affixed to the tube head and is used to align the tube head with the patient and the X-ray film

cylinder -(or cone)

(Dental X-ray Unit)

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The ________ is affixed to the tube head and is used to align the tube head with the patient and the X-ray film

tube head

(Dental X-ray Unit)

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The cylinder -(or cone) is affixed to the _____ and is used to align the tube head with the patient and the X-ray film

cylinder

(Dental X-ray Unit)

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beam restrictor, more preferred, more concentrated

\

cone

(Dental X-ray Unit)

\
beam restrictor; divergent

collimator

(General Radiography)

\
beam restrictor

Tube

(Dental X-ray Unit)

\
contains all the components necessary to generate x-rays

Dental X-ray Unit

it is open-ended and composed of lead laminated material that establishes the minimum distance from the x-ray source to the patient's skin

* Linear Tomography
* Multidirectional tomography
* Zonography
* Panoramic Tomography

Conventional Tomography (4)

Tomography

designed to bring into focus only that anatomy lying in a plane of interest while blurring structures on either side of the plane

Tomography

conventional radiograph however superimposed with each other

Tomography

vertical rod is fixed so that the x-ray tube and the image receptor simultaneously move

vertical rod

(Tomography)

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_______ is fixed so that the x-ray tube and the image receptor can simultaneously move

Tomography

the anatomy is not focused in a normal sense, but rather the radiographic contrast is enhanced by blurring the structures above and below.

Linear Tomography

is an imaging procedure using movement of the x-ray tube and image receptor in opposing directions to create images of structures in a focal place by blurring the anatomy located above and below the plane of interest