Studied by 12 peopleexurban economy
a semi-rural region lying just beyond the suburbs of a city
formal economy
economic activities that are taxed and regulated by the gov
megacity
city w/ 10 million+ people
population density
the number of people per square km
regional centre
a rural city that supports smaller surrounding towns with services
urban decay
deterioration of the built environment i.e. infrastructure falls to state of despair and buildings left uninhabited
world city
city considered important to the global economy e.g. tokyo, london, sydney
urbanisation
The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in towns and cities
urban consolidation
the process of increasing or maintaining the density of housing in established residential areas. The ultimate aim is to reduce development on the city's fringe areas.
decentralisation
Industries begin to move out to the suburbs for more land and so did the residents who no longer had jobs in the area. This is called the doughnut effect.
ecological footprint
surface area required to supply a city with food and other resources and to absorb its wastes.
how many australians live in urban areas
around 90%
why does aus have an ageing population
fertility levels low, life expectancy high = ineffective replacement rate
where is most of aus's urban population
east coast
historically, why are australians settled this way
gold rush pulled many people to vic and nsw
what climate factors make east coast desireable
subtropical, warm climate
sufficient rain = reliable water source
how does transport aid urban sprawl
allows people to live further from the city centre but still be able to get there quickly for essential infrastructure
cons of urbanisation
strains on water & food supply, increased emissions, threatens biodiversity and habitats
ways to improve sustainability at a city scale
reduce traffic, protect natural systems, improve waste management etc.
internal migration
number one driver on population redistribution in australia leading to growth in the cities
at what age does internal migration peak
young adults and small peak at retirement
intrestate vs interstate
intrestate is movement within a state whereas interstate is movement between states
what are some pull factors for QLD?
warmer, tropical climate in QLD
desire for a sunny sea change
education or employments
lifestyle
examples of economic migration
fly-in, fly-out workers, seasonal workers
where is most of china's urbanisation
south east
why are most chinese people settled in the east
west is very mountainous and east has better rivers and water supply
what is the hukou system
separates rural residents from urban residents, meant that rural residents were not entitled to all the benefits and privileges to those with urban hukou status
source function
the ability for the environment to supply resources depending on demand. can be renewable or non-renewable
service function
the environment’s processes that support our life without requiring human action to produce them making our earth habitable.
sink function
the environment’s ability to break down, safely store, recycle or absorb wastes.
spiritual function
it’s recreational, psychological, aesthetic and spiritual value to people. the land may have value to certain cultures beliefs or religions.
aeolian processes
processes involving wind
formation of waves
wind blows over water surface
friction is created with the bottom layer of wind and the top layer moves ahead
top layers of wind topple over creating circular motion of water (eddies)
waves are created and wind on back of waves pushes them forward
energy of wind causes circular oscillations beneath wave crests
how do waves break?
friction is created between bottom of wave and seafloor closer to shore
waves steepen and become unstable
waves break and become breakers
size and energy of wave is influenced by
wind strength, time the wind has been blowing distance wave has travelled (fetch)
sources of wind causing waves
localised wind and offshore weather events
types of waves
spilling, plunging and surging
constructive waves
when the swash is stronger than the backwash, carrying sediment up the beach
destructive waves
have a backwash more powerful than the swash, pulling material away from the shore
biophysical processes
erosion, deposition, transportation
longshore drift
the prevailing wind directs waves towards the shoreline at an angle (at cronulla the wind comes from a SE direction)
the waves push the swash up the beach, depositing sediment (sand)
the backwash the falls back down the beach at a right angle due to gravity
this causes sand to move up along the beach (northerly in cronulla
what landforms can longshore drift create
tombolo
erosion
condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind
deposition
the natural process of laying down a deposit of something
characteristics of a low energy coastline
-broad beach, fine sand, less than 5° slope
characteristics of a high energy coastline
little sand, rocks and pebbles, beach steeper than 5°
abrasion
the process by which fine particles in the water erode the surface of a material
cliff
when the bases of headland are eroded by sea and wind causing the above rock to fall creating a steep face
sea cave
opening in coastal rocks or cliff caused by erosion- usually in rocks weaker than those surrounding
blowhole
hole in the ground that connects to an underground, partially submerged ocean cave
wave cut platforms
rock surfaces that have abraded causing the rocks to be smoothed
sea arch
opening in coastal rocks, often begin as two sea caves
sea stack
when arches give way and become a pile of rocks
long sand bar or spit
an extended stretch of beach material that projects out to sea
baymouth bar
sand bar extending between two mouth points in a bay
tombolo
narrow piece of land made of sand that connects an island to the mainland or another island
barrier islands
thin chain of sand bar islands
hydraulic action
force of waves hitting the shore
corrosion
salt causing weaker layers of rock to dissolve or disintegrate
corrasion
particles/material in waves that roll back and forth across the shore abrading
sand dunes
accumulation of sand where sand is blown (aeolian process) from shore back to beach
primary dunes characteristics
closest to the beach
stable and well vegetated dunes, stops sand being blown inland
what kind of vegetation is on the primary dune
vegetation on foredunes has to be hardy and able to withstand nutrient poor soil and sea spray e.g. spinifex
why do we need coastal management?
erosional processes mean that sediments are redistributed and the processes become a problem when they threaten our human environments and infrastructure
what is the threat of erosion at elouera
there are no sand dunes left and the surf club and restaurant are built on the beach with roads and houses built on and supported by these dunes. If these dunes were to be eroded too much, the infrastructure may collapse.
what is coastal management
the halting of land loss and erosion at a particular point
hard management strategies
controls the sea by building barriers between the sea and land
pros of sea wall
durable concrete, reflects waves and prevents scouring, varying styles
cons of sea wall
not aesthetically pleasing, cost ineffective
pros of groynes
prevents the impacts of longshore drift by containing sand in one section of the beach
cons of groynes
sand on opposite end of groynes still gets eroded and as sand continues to move more groynes need to be added
pros of rock gabions
effective percolation, more cost-effective, permanent
cons of rock gabions
not aesthetically pleasing
pros of metal piling
simple, more cost-effective, reflect or dissipate wave energy
cons of metal piling
not aesthetically pleasing
history of elouera sea wall
flat sea wall built in 1950s, strong waves caused erosion as the water scoured, wall collapsed in 1974 as the supporting sand eroded. sea bee wall built by bate bay coast line management committee in 2008.
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