Biology: Phylogeny, Plant Evolution, and Microbial Genetics

Refer to the figure below. Which of the following forms a monophyletic group?

-D, E, F, and G

-B, C, D, E, F and G

-A, B, C, and D

-D, E, and F

D, E, F, and G

Prokaryotes have a high degree of genetic diversity which can be attributed to which of the following sources?

-High rates of mutation associated with the process of reproduction by binary fission.

-Low rates of recombination with other members of their species

-Their ability to avoid predation through negative chemotaxis.

-Introduction of novel genetic material through the process of transformation.

Introduction of novel genetic material through the process of transformation.

In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for antibiotic resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the _____.

-subsequent loss of antibiotic resistance from this bacterium

-rapid spread of antibiotic resistance to other bacteria in that habitat

-production of endospores among the bacterium's progeny

-increased rate of binary fission in this bacterium

rapid spread of antibiotic resistance to other bacteria in that habitat

Which of the following groups is thought to have formed the first forests and resulted in a global cooling event during the Carboniferous period?

-Seedless vascular plants

-Gymanosperms

-Non-vascular plants

-Angiosperms

Seedless vascular plants

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?

-Towards a gametophyte dominated lifecyle

-Towards reduced vascular tissue

-Towards a smaller size

-Towards a sporophyte dominated lifecycle

Towards a sporophyte dominated lifecycle

Fungi are heterotrophs and take up nutrients by absorption following enzymatic breakdown outside of their bodies. Which of the following is a benefit in this case?

-Low surface area to volume ratio

-Think chitin cell walls

-High surface area to volume ratio of hyphae and mycelial networks

-Spores

High surface area to volume ratio of hyphae and mycelial networks

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which results in _____.

-Sexual reproduction occurring in specialized structures

-Multiple diploid nuclei per cell

-Asexual reproduction only

-Formation of heterokaryotic cells

Formation of heterokaryotic cells

Which of the following conclusions regarding the phylogeny of these organisms can be made from this tree?

-G is more closely related to A than it is to F

-B is more closely related to G than it is to A

-A is more closely related to D than it is to C

-D is more closely related to E than it is to G

D is more closely related to E than it is to G

Which of the following features permits a gene to act as a molecular clock?

-a reliable average rate of mutation

-a recent origin by a gene-duplication event

-a large number of base pairs

-being acted upon by natural selection

a reliable average rate of mutation

In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is ________.

-a shared ancestral character

-a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals

-a shared derived character

-an example of analogy rather than homology

a shared ancestral character

Which of the following processes leads to genetic recombination by the introduction of viral DNA into a bacterium?

-transformation

-transduction

-fertilization

-conjugation

transduction

Living organisms can be divided into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. How do these two groups differ?

-their mode of inheritance

-their electron acceptors

-the way that they generate ATP

-their sources of carbon

their sources of carbon

While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya?

-It has mitochondria

-The organism does not have a nucleus.

-It can survive at a temperature over 100°C.

-Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan

Cell walls are made primarily of peptidoglycan

Which of the following biological molecules contributes to the structural integrity of plant spores?

-chitin

-lignin

-sporopollenin

-cellulose

sporopollenin

In which of the following structures of a plant are apical meristems found?

-in leaves

-only in roots

-in shoots and roots

-only in shoots

in shoots and roots

The evolution of vascular tissue in plants facilitated which of the following changes?

-the ability to form symbiotic relationships with fungi

-the ability to protect developing embryos

-the ability to grow taller

-the ability to reproduce using flowers

the ability to grow taller

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the life cycle of a fern?

-the sporophyte generation produces spores

-the gametophyte generation produces spores

-the sporophyte generation produces pollen

-the gametophyte generation produces pollen

the sporophyte generation produces spores

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. To which of the following groups does this plant most likely belong?

-angiosperms

-gymnosperms

-mosses

-ferns

ferns

You pick some leaves of mosses and a tall fern. You have_________.

-Triploid cells

-A mix of haploid and diploid cells

-Haploid cells only

-Diploid cells only

A mix of haploid and diploid cells

Which of the following could best be investigated by measuring fruit production in plants?

-phototropism

-seed dispersal success

-primary productivity

-pollination success

pollination success

Which of these is a derived characteristic of all plants?

-Seeds

-Alternating generations

-Mitochondria

-Chlorophyl

Alternating generations

What are the filamentous mats formed by most fungi called?

-Arbuscles

-Hyphae

-Mycelia

-Cuticle

Mycelia

Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged early in fungal evolution?

-budding

-flagellated spores

-absence of chitin

-a parasitic lifestyle

flagellated spores

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. Which of the following distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy?

-most animals derive their nutrition by using enzymes to digest their food

-most animals derive their nutrition by ingesting materials

-most animals derive their nutrition by preying on other animals

-most animals derive their nutrition by consuming living, rather than dead, prey

most animals derive their nutrition by ingesting materials

Which tissue type or organ is correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?

-skin-ectoderm

-muscular-ectoderm

-nervous-mesoderm

-stomach-mesoderm

skin-ectoderm

While observing seawater through a microscope, you spot the embryo of an unknown animal. Which of the following criteria could you use to determine whether the organism exhibits protostome or deuterostome development?

-the development of germ layers

-spiral cleavage or radial cleavage

-the development of an archenteron

-the development of a blastopore

spiral cleavage or radial cleavage

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of ________.

-a body cavity

-cells

-radial symmetry

-tissues

tissues

Which of the following adaptations led to an explosion in insect evolution?

-Flight

-Exoskeleton

-Interactions with fungi

-Living in the ocean

Flight

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

-four chambered heart

-vertebrae

-jaws

-post-anal tail

post-anal tail

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials ________.

-have some embryonic development outside the uterus

-lay eggs

-lack nipples

-are found only in Australia

have some embryonic development outside the uterus

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____.

-multicellular protist

-archaen

-fungus

-flagellated protist

flagellated protist

Which of the following is correct about phylogenetic trees?

-They represent testable hypotheses about species relationships.

-They provide specific information on when a species evolved.

-They require data from both living and fossil representatives from a given group.

-They require a visit to the hardware store

They represent testable hypotheses about species relationships.

Slime molds and fungi were once considered to be in the same taxonomic group based upon morphological similarities, but more recent molecular evidence clearly shows they do not share a recent common ancestor. Morphological similarities that are not based on recent common ancestry are considered to result from _____.

-homologies

-variations of common ancestral traits

-convergent evolution

-adaptations for much different functions

convergent evolution

Unikonta is a supergroup of eukaryotes that includes all of the following members except

-fungi

-choanoflagellates

-plants

-animals

plants

The phylum Mollusca general body plan does not include:

-mantle

-thorax

-foot

-visceral mass

thorax

Incomplete metamorphosis_______________.

-Lacks ecdysis

-Is not found in grasshoppers

-Includes a pupal stage

-Has developing nymphs similar in morphology to adults

Has developing nymphs similar in morphology to adults

Fungi are beneficial to humans because they_____________.

-Have uses in food production

-Produce toxins

-Lead to fruit losses

-Cause mycoses

Have uses in food production

Female flower parts contain____________.

-Megaspores

-Anthers

-Microsporophylls

-Microspores

Megaspores

What is a challenge of life on land for plants?

-Predictable water

-Unfiltered sunlight

-Plentiful CO2

-Lack of structural support

Lack of structural support

Which stage of a fern life cycle will be easiest to spot?

-Spore

-Sporophyte

-Egg

-Gametophyte

Sporophyte

Bacteria and fungi both include important______________

-Decomposers

-Hyphae

-Amniotes

-Autotrophs

Decomposers

Eukaryotic cells are thought to have gained organelles like mitochondria by_________

-Transformation

-Conjugation

-Transduction

-Endosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis

You are working in a microbiology lab, and you get a sealed tube that contains a bacteria. You are told because of its mode of cellular respiration, not to open the tube in standard room conditions. It must be a _____________

-Nitrogen fixer

-Obligate aerobe

-Obligate anaerobe

-Facultative anaerobe

Obligate anaerobe