BT 3 & 4 Reviewer

Riprap

Layer of IRREGULARY broken random sized stones placed on SLOPE of an embankment to prevent erosion

Cribbing

CELLULAR FRAMEWORK of squared steel, concrete or members assembled in layers at right angles and FILLED with earth and stones.

Bin Wall

Gravity retaining wall formed by stacking MODULAR interlocking precast concrete units and FILLING VOIDS with crushed stones.

Gabions

Galvanized PVC COATED wire basket FILLED WITH STONES are stacked to form an abutment.

Natural Means of stabilization

Plant materials that inhibit or prevent erosion by providing binding roots.

Gravity Wall

Wall that RESISTS OVERTURNING and sliding by shear weight and volume of mass.

T Typed Cantilevered wall.

Cantilevered wall of concrete shaped like the letter T.

Counter fort wall.

Utilizes a TRIANGULAR SHAPED CROSS WALL to stiffen the vertical slab and add weight to the base.

L Type Cantilevered Wall

Type of wall used when wall ABUTS PROPERTY line or obstruction.

Foundation

LOWEST division of a building. Function is to SUPPORT and anchor the superstructure to TRANSMIT LOAD into earth.

Minor Excavation

The digging of soil for footing extend only to a depth of 1-1.5 meter and above half a meter depth for footing.

Major Excavation

Requires WIDE EXCAVATION or total extraction

Shoring

Provides TEMPORARY SUPPORT during EXCAVATION.

Settlement

GRADUAL SUBSIDING OF STRUCTURE as the soil underneath consolidates

Differential Settlement

Relative movement of different parts of a structure caused by UNEVEN CONSOLIDATION.

Shallow Foundation

Employed when STABLE SOIL of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near to the ground surface.

Deep Foundation

Employed when soil underlying the foundation is UNSTABLE.

Underpinning

Process of rebuilding or STRENGTHENING the foundation of EXISTING building

Pile

Structural member of small cross section DRIVEN down to earth.

Pier

Member capable of transmitting ENTIRE LOAD from a single column.

Sheet Piling

Timber, steel or concrete planks driven VERTICALLY side by side to RETAIN EARTH and prevent water from SEEPING.

Tiebacks

Steel cables and tendons inserted into holes to ANCHOR them to POST TENSION them later.

Slurry Wall

Concrete wall CAST IN TRENCH to serve as sheeting

Dewatering

Process of LOWERING a water table.

Soldier Piles

Steel H sections driven vertically to support HORIZONTAL LAGGING.

Lagging

Heavy TIMBER PLANKS JOINED TOGETHER to retain a face of an excavation.

Strip Footing

CONTINUOUS SPREAD footing of a WALL.

Stepped Footing

footing that CHANGES IN LEVEL to accommodate sloping grade.

Cantilever Footing

Consist of column footing connected by tie beam in order to balance an ASYMMETRICALLY imposed load.

Mat Foundation

Single MONOLITHIC footing for a number of columns in an ENTIRE BUILDING.

Isolated Footing

INDIVIDUAL spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier.

Wall Footing

Reinforcement are placed at RIGHT ANGLES perpendicular to the wall.

Continuous Footing

Footing extended to SUPPORT A ROW OF COLUMNS.

Slump Test

Freshly mixed concrete is CHECKED to ensure specific DEFLECTION of mixture.

Footing Tie Beam

Structure used to distribute HORIZONTAL FORCES to other pile caps or footings.

Grade Beam

Concrete beam supporting a BEARING WALL and transferring load to isolated footing.

Foundation Wall

Provide support for the superstructure and ENCLOSE A BASEMENT or crawl space below grade.

Damp Proofing

Applied to foundation wall to indicate that hydrostatic pressure from groundwater table WILL NOT OCCUR.

Pile Foundation

System of end-bearing or friction piles for transferring load down to a suitable stratum

Pile Cap

JOINS the heads of a cluster of piles.

Pile Driver.

MACHINERY for LIFTING the pile in position before driving

End-Bearing Pile

Type of Piling where the piles rest on STONES OR ROCKS.

Friction-Pile

Type of piling where the piles depend on the FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE of its surrounding earth mass. It does not rest on a stone.

Pile Eccentricity

DEVIATION OF PILES from its plan location can result in a REDUCTION of allowable load.

Timber Piles

LOGS driven as FRICTION PILES often fitted with a steel shoe to prevent from splitting.

H Piles

Suitable for penetrating into hard materials

Box Piles

Suitable material for pile on SLIDING BANK or in deep water.

Rail Piles

RAILROAD RAILS used as base to form a pile.

Drop Hammer

Pile driving equipment FALLING on fresh concrete.

Air Steam Hammer

Operation by lifting a ram by AIR OR PRESSURE then allowed to FALL by gravity without pressure.

Open Ended Diesel Hammer

Ram falls by GRAVITY and lifted by the EXPLOSION of fuel and compressed gas.

Closed Ended Diesel Hammer

Housing forms a BOUNCE chamber where air is compressed by rising ram.

Racking

When hammer JUMPS OFF the pile due to high pressure.

Pipe Piles

Steel PIPES driven and filled with concrete.

Precast Concrete Piles

Round or square cross section, sometimes prestressed.

Cased Piles

Constructed by DRIVING A STEEL PIPE into the ground until it meets required resistance.

Uncased Piles

Constructed by DRIVING A CONCRETE PLUG into the ground until it meets required resistance.

Short Column

When unsupported HEIGHT is NOT GREATER than its lateral dimension.

Long Column

When unsupported HEIGHT is MORE THAN its lateral dimension.

Tied Columns

Has reinforcement consisting of LATERAL TIES.

Bundled Bars

Reinforcement consisting of TWO TO FOUR BARS tied in direct contact with each other.

Spiral Column

Term where CIRCULAR CONCRETE COLUMN is enclosed by SPIRAL bars.

Composite Column

Structural steel column is EMBEDDED into concrete.

Combined Column

Column with structural steel ENCASED in a concrete of at least 7 cm reinforced with wire mesh surrounding the column.

Lally Column

Fabricated post made of STEEL PIPE provided with a plain flat STEEL BAR which holds the girder or beam.

Retaining Wall

Wall that bears AGAINST AN EARTH or other fill surface and resist lateral forces.

Load Bearing Wall

Wall capable of SUPPORTING an imposed load.

Floor System

Horizontal planes that SUPPORT LIVE AND DEAD LOAD.

Live Load

MOVABLE LOAD

Dead Load

STATIC LOAD

Environmental Load

Consist of environmental pressures such as WIND, EARTHQUAKE, RAINWATER etc.

Span of Support

DISTANCE between columns, posts, supports etc.

Reinforced Concrete

Combination of concrete and steel.

Reinforced Concrete Beam

Designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcements in resisting applied forces along the SLAB THEY SUPPORT.

Web Reinforcements

Consists of BEND BARS or STIRRUPS placed in beams.

Bend Reinforcing Bars

Reinforcing bars BENT UP on the inflection point.

No Bent Bars

BARS NOT BENT.

Simple Beam

Beam with two supports at each end.

Continuous Beam

Beam that rests on MORE THAN TWO SUPPORTS

Semi-Continuous Beam

Beam with TWO SPANS with or without constraint at two ends.

Cantilever Beam

Supported at ONE END and the other is PROJECTING beyond the wall.

T beams

T shaped Beam.

Hooks

BENDS GIVEN to the end of tension bars.

Top Bar

Longitudinal bar located at TOP to resist negative moment.

Bottom Bar

Longitudinal bar located at the BOTTOM to resist positive moment.

Concrete Slab

Plate structure that serves as the flooring member of each storey.

One Way Slab

Slab reinforced only in ONE DIRECTION.

Two Way Slab

Slab reinforced in TWO DIRECTIONS.

Concrete Topping

LAYER of high quality concrete placed on slabs.

Isolation Joints

EXPANSION JOINTS to allow movement of Concrete

Control Joints

Creates a LINE OF WEAKNESS so that cracking may RESULT FROM TENSILE STRESSES.

Construction Joints

PLACE for construction to STOP and CONTINUE later.

Shear Wall

Thick Concrete wall having a double reinforcement which carries SHEAR.

Gypsum Board

Board with a GYPSUM core.

Plain Concrete

Concrete with NO reinforcement

Ferrocement

Constructed of CEMENT-SAND mortar over wire mesh that has been preshaped.

Bar Spacing

CENTER TO CENTER SPACING of parallel bars.

Concrete cover

AMOUNT of concrete required to PROTECT steel reinforcement.

Bond

ADHESION between two substances

Bond Stress

ADHESIVE FORCE per unit area of contacting materials.