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Cin
First recorded use of 'China' in 1555.
Cīnā
Term for porcelain originally made in China.
Qin
Dynasty that unified China (778 B.C.-207 B.C.).
Zhōngguó
Means 'central country' in Chinese history.
Cathay
Historical name for China used in Europe.
People's Republic of China
Current name of China established post-1949.
Area of China
9.6 million square kilometers, largest in Asia.
Yellow River
2,109 miles long, known as 'The Great Sorrow.'
Yangtze River
Third-longest river globally at 2,432 miles.
Pearl River
848 miles long, significant river in South China.
Mount Everest
Highest mountain at 8,848 meters above sea level.
Climate of China
Cold winters, warm summers, diverse climates.
Wood-frame construction
Distinctive architectural feature in Chinese buildings.
Silk Road
Ancient trade route facilitating cultural exchange.
Buddhism
Major religious influence in Chinese architecture.
Confucianism
Philosophy shaping social conduct and architecture.
Taoism
Philosophy promoting universal love and harmony.
Feng Shui
Belief in energy flow affecting spatial design.
Tai Chi
Practice advocating balance through movement.
Lo Shu Magic Square
Numerical pattern symbolizing natural order.
Dynasties
Families ruling China, shaping its architecture.
Mandate of Heaven
Divine right of rulers in Chinese history.
Qin Dynasty
First Chinese empire, unified under legalism.
Han Dynasty
Golden Age of China, expanded territory significantly.
Tang Dynasty
Period of cultural and technological advancements.
Foot binding
Cultural practice beginning during the Tang Dynasty.
Five Dynasties
Period of fragmentation and short-lived ruling families.
Song Dynasty
Era of significant technological and cultural progress.
Han Empire
First major imperial dynasty of China.
Wu Chao
First and only female emperor of China.
Golden Age
Period of prosperity and cultural flourishing.
Khitans
Nomadic people who attacked Chinese territories.
Gunpowder
Explosive material used in warfare.
Neo-Confucianism
Revival of Confucian thought during the Song dynasty.
Yuan Dynasty
Mongol dynasty ruling China from 1206 to 1368.
Kublai Khan
Mongol leader who established the Yuan dynasty.
Ming Dynasty
Last dynasty ruled by ethnic Hans, known for stability.
Forbidden City
Imperial palace complex in Beijing.
Qing Dynasty
Last imperial dynasty of China, ruled by Manchus.
Taiping Rebellion
Massive civil war in southern China (1850-64).
Boxer Rebellion
Anti-foreign movement in China (1899-1901).
Xinhai Revolution
1911-12 uprising ending the Qing dynasty.
Bilateral Symmetry
Architectural balance in design and layout.
Siheyuan
Traditional Chinese courtyard house.
Sky Well
Courtyard feature for ventilation and light.
Hierarchy in Architecture
Importance based on building placement and design.
Horizontal Emphasis
Focus on breadth over height in structures.
Axial City Plan
Symmetrical layout reflecting social hierarchy.
Imperial Palaces
Centralized structures for emperors' governance.
Talismans
Objects believed to bring good fortune.
Cardinal Directions
Orientation used in traditional Chinese architecture.
Grand Canal
Major waterway restored during the Ming dynasty.
Great Wall of China
Fortification built to protect against invasions.
Engraved Beasts
Decorative elements symbolizing imperial authority.
Ordinary People's Houses
Simple structures lacking wealth and ornamentation.
Square Plan
City layout with a checkerboard grid.
Harmony
Confucian principle linking family happiness and hierarchy.
Classical Chinese House
Structure with halls for ceremonies and elders.
Main Axis
North-south orientation for optimal sunlight.
Younger Generations Halls
East-west side halls, simply decorated.
Surrounding Wall
Provides privacy, seclusion, and security.
Ting
Largest hall for receiving important guests.
Tang
Living room for family meetings.
L'ou
Apartment space for family members.
Ting (Pavilion)
Space designated for relaxation.
Courtyard
Central space for family activities.
Jian
Rectangular structural unit for building.
Exposed Structure
Aesthetic focus on visible wood elements.
Timberwork
Flexible construction method using wooden frameworks.
Symmetrical Layout
Main structure aligned on central axis.
Neolithic Period
Era of settled communities and cave dwellings.
House Body
Provides essential living space within a home.
Terrace
Solid or hollow structure formed by timber.
Sloping Roof
Roof design with standing tiles.
Wood Framework Systems
Standardized by the Ming dynasty for stability.
Pillars-and-Beams
Main wooden framing system in Chinese architecture.
Hutong
Narrow street formed by siheyuan residences.
Tulou
Fortified earth building housing many families.
Zaojing
Coffered ceiling design in important structures.
Timber Jointing Systems
Connections allowing flexibility in wooden structures.
Roof Components
Elements including covering, edging, and ridge.
Full-face Ridge Decoration
Decorative elements on the roof ridge.
Roofing Materials
Clay, thatch, and bamboo used based on wealth.
Dougongs
Corbelled brackets providing structural support.
Cylindrical Tiles
Interlocked tiles recalling bamboo origins.
Vertical Ridge
Ridge other than the positive ridge in roofs.
Diagonal Ridge
Ridge from eaves gable to animal heads.
Eaves
Part of roof extending beyond the truss.
Ridge Beast
Beast head protecting beam head from rain.
Baoding
Crown structure on top of roofs.
Shanhua
Triangular wall on Resting Hill Roof sides.
Dougong
Interlocking wooden brackets in traditional architecture.
Grottoes
Caves for meditation and worship in Buddhism.
Yungang Grottoes
50,000 statues in 52 caves, Shanxi Province.
Longmen Grotto
Cave-chapels in Luoyang, Northern Wei capital.
Buddhist Temples
Imperial style temples with symmetrical layout.
Taoist Temples
Less grand, main hall at front for deities.
Pagodas
Structures preserving relics, varying in height.
Foguang Temple
3rd earliest preserved timber structure in China.
Pailou
Ceremonial archways to temples or tombs.
