Ch. 15 - Algae

both

are algae unicellular or multicellular organisms?

tissue development

what do multicellular forms for algae lack?

plankton

algae are an important component of ________ which feeds fish, whales, and bivalves

primary

what kind of producers are algae?

biomass

algae cultivate ________ production, which is an increase in amount of organic matter

ethanol

the cell wall of both green and brown algae can be fermented into what?

diatoms

which group of algae produces large amounts of oil that are used to create biodiesel?

dinoflagellates

algae that cause red tides which produce toxins that kill marine life

50%

what percentage of CO2 do algae absorb from human activities?

CaCO3

CO2 absorbed by algae is used to form ______ scales that help consumers build their shells

acidified water

what is the effect on the ocean of the unequal equilibrium of more CO2 than O2 in the atmosphere?

haploid

the gametic life cycle is where the gamete is the only _______ cell produced

diploid

the zygotic life cycle is where the gamete is the only _______ cell produced

sporic

life cycle where there is an alternation of generations from diploid to haploid

2n; n; n; 2n

label which life stages in a sporic cycle are diploid or haploid
- sporophyte (___) --> meiosis --> spores (___) --> mitosis --> gametophytes - sperm and eggs (___) --> fertilization ---> mitosis ---> sporophyte (__)

unicellular; gamete

the gametangia of alga are almost always _______ and every daughter cell become a ________

antheridium

male gametangium of algae

oogonium

female gametangium of algae

Haptophyta

phylum containing dinoflagellates

true

T or F: dinoflagellates are unicellular, zygotic, and live in fresh and marine water

2 perpendicular flagella

describe the flagellum found on a dinoflagellate (if any)

cingulum

transverse groove that house one of the flagella of a dinoflagellate

chlorophyll a & c, peridinin

name the 3 pigments found within a dinoflagellate

xanthophyll

what type of pigment is peridinin?

starch

storage product of dinoflagellates

cellulose

the theca of a dinoflagellate is made of _________ plates

dinoflagellates

which algae has the ability to be bioluminescent?

luciferin and luciferase

name the 2 chemicals involved in bioluminescent behavior

false

T or F: dinoflagellates produce only asexually

longitudinally

dinoflagellates divide which way during asexual reproduction?

one flagella and part of the theca

name the 2 items that each daughter cell of a dinoflagellate receives during asexual reproduction

zooxanthellae

dinoflagellates that lack plates and are symbionts of many corals and anemones

protection; glucose; amino acids

coral reefs provide ________ for zooxanthellae, while the dinoflagellates provide ________, glycerol, and _______ _______ for the corals

color

what physical trait do zooxanthellae give coral?

true

T or F: coral bleaching occurs when polyps expel algae after becoming stressed

theca

what structure is missing from zooxanthellae when they inhabit coral polyps?

cell respiration

what is glycerol used for in corals?

inorganic carbon

zooxanthellae bond with ________ ______ which is used by the polyp to make CaCO3 for their skeleton

warm; low

_____ temperature and ____ salinity promote population explosions of dinoflagellates (aka red tides)

dinoflagellates

algae responsible for large limestone deposits

Bacillariophyceae

name the class that includes diatoms

diatoms

algae that have...
- a gametic life cycle
- no flagella
- a two-part cell wall

silica

what is the cell wall of diatoms made of?

chlorophyll a & c, fucoxanthin

name the 3 pigments found within diatoms

laminarin

name the storage polysaccharide of diatoms

raphe

lengthwise groove of a diatom that secretes mucus to assist in movement

asexual

what is the main form of reproduction for diatoms?

frustule

each daughter cell of a diatom receives half of the _________ during asexual reproduction

false

T or F: after many generations of asexual reproduction, diatoms get larger

diatoms

which group of algae provide the greatest diversity and biomass of phytoplankton?

diatomaceous earth

substance produced by diatoms that can be used to brush teeth, exfoliate skin, prevent algae formation, and treat high cholesterol

diatoms

group of algae that accounts for the most photosynthetic release of oxygen (fixes 25% of all CO2)

Phaeophyceae

class that includes brown algae

brown algae

algae that....
- alternate generations
- are multicellular
- are mostly marine

fucoxanthin; laminarin

brown algae are similar to diatoms in the fact that have chlorophyll a & c and ________ and they also store ________

thallus; blade; stipe; holdfast

the body of brown algae is called the ______ and is made up of the _____, ______, and ________

neumatocysts

CO2 filled bladders on brown algae that keep the blades buoyant

Macrocystis

species of brown algae that have a stipe modified for food conduction

Laminaria

species of brown algae that has unilocular sporangia

Fucus

species of brown algae with conceptacles that contain the gametangia

algin

substance produced by brown algae that is used as a thickening and stabilizing agent

Sargassum

species of brown algae that is found in the Gulf of Mexico and is depended upon animals for food, shelter, protection, and reproductive grounds for animals like the Anguilla eel

Rhodophyta

phylum of red algae

red algae

algae that are...
- multicellular
- mostly marine
- alternate generations
- store floridean starch

chlorophyll a & phycobilins

name the 2 pigments of red algae

CaCO3 or sulfate galactans

name the 2 possible substances that can be found in the cell walls of red algae

Polysiphonia

species of red algae with 2 diploid phases and 1 haploid phase in their life cycle

carpogonia

female gametophyte of red algae Polysiphonia

spermatangia

male gametophyte of red algae Polysiphonia

tetrasporophytes

in the life cycle of red algae Polysiphonia, carpospores germinate to form ___________

Gelidium

species of red algae that produce a lot of agar

carrageenan

sulfate galactans are major components of __________ which is used to make vitamins and gels and to thicken dairy products

Chondrus crispus

species of red algae that produces carrageenan

true

T or F: some species of red algae cement together coral reefs

Chlorophyta

phylum of green algae

green algae

algae that are...
- unicellular or multicellular
- aquatic or terrestrial
- filamentous
- often colonial
- zygotic in life cycle but also alternate generations

chlorophyll a & b

name the 2 pigments of green algae

cellulose

what substance is the cell walls of green algae made of?

formation of cleavage furrow or cell plate

name the 2 types of cell division seen in chlorophytes

phycoplast

a set of microtubules that organizes cell division in green algae

phragmoplast; cellulose

name the steps of cytokinesis that forms a cell plate
- formation of _______
- golgi vesicles fuse
- ________ is deposited to form a cell wall

Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae, and Ulvophyceae

name the 3 classes of green algae

Chlamydomonas

species of Class Chlorophyceae that undergoes cytokinesis by cleavage furrowing

Fritschiella

species of Class Chlorophyceae that undergoes cytokinesis by cell plate formation

Charophyceae

class of green algae that undergoes cytokinesis by cell plate formation

Chlamydomonas

species of Class Chlorophyceae that has...
- a pyrenoid in the chloroplast
- has a red eyespot
- isogamy sexual repro
- a u-shaped chloroplast

pyrenoid

proteinaceous center of enzymes in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas

store CO2 and fix to carbon

what is the purpose of the pyrenoid in Chlamydomonas?

Volvox

species of Class Chlorophyceae that has...
- bi-flagellated cell colonies
- a hallow-like mucilaginous sphere
- intercellular bridges
- oogamous sexual repro
- zygotic life cycle

extracellular matrix

the gonidia of Volvox are embedded within the ___________ ______

glycoproteins

substance that triggers sexual reproduction in Volvox

Oedogonium

species of Class Chlorophyceae that has...
- a zygotic life cycle
- a filament attached to substrate by a holdfast
- oogamous sexual repro

antheridia

the box-like cells along side the oogonium of Oedogonium are __________

true

T or F: algae is useful as food, fodder, fertilizer, medicine, sewage treatment, filtering agents, and abrasives

green algae

which group of algae can be used to decompose sewage with aerobic bacteria?

brown algae

which group of algae is used to treat goiter and stomach disorders?

red algae

which group of algae provides agar with is used as a laxative or as medicine?

chlorellin

the green algae species Chlorella produces __________ which is an antibiotic

soap

some brown algae are high in iodine and minerals which is used to manufacture _____

true

T or F: tilapia and other fish feed off of some type of algae