HDFS 3420 Exam 1 Notes

Child Physical Abuse Occurrence Rate

6.5 per 1000 (in 2010, decline from 9.1 per 1000 in 1996)

Child Physical Abuse made up _____% of reports in 2017

18

_____ million reports in 2017

3.5

Child physical abuse victim risk factors

younger, male, physical/cognitive/developmental disability

Child physical abuse perpetrator characteristics

parent/caregiver, mental health issues, behavioral issues, parenting deficits, biological factors, high stress, poverty, social isolation, disorganized attachment with own parents

Sibling risk factors for child physical abuse

power disparity, frequency and duration of violence, lack of appropriate parental intervention

Consequences of Child Physical Abuse

Physical (medical and neurobiological), psychological and behavioral (internalizing/externalizing, dissociation)

Interventions for child physical abuse

CPS services, Trauma-focused CBT, Integrative treatment for complex trauma for children

Secondary prevention for child physical abuse

Parent training and support (Incredible years, Parent-child Interaction therapy)

Primary prevention for child physical abuse

Triple P (Positive Parenting Program), Adults and Children Together (ACT) Media Campaign

Most effective prevention for Shaken Baby Syndrome

videos teaching caregivers alternatives to shaking (>fear-based videos > brochures)

Child sexual abuse makes up ___% of the reports in 2017

9

Self-report surveys of adults on childhood indicate that ____% of women and ____% of men report some form of CSA

20, 5-10

Females are ___x more likely to be victims of CSA

4

Children with disabilities are __x more likely to be victims of CSA

2-3

CSA perpetrator characteristics

male, early adolescence/adulthood, not strangers, history of child maltreatment, sexual deviance, may be disinhibited

Family structure or context at risk of CSA

poverty, overcrowded living conditions, parental unemployment, family structure (boyfriends, step-fathers), family conflict, lack of parental monitoring

Consequences of CSA

sexualized behaviors, psychological and emotional issues (ptsd, anxiety, depression, difficulty in interpersonal relationships)

Mediators

X predicts B better than A

Moderators

X increases the strength of A predicting B

mediators of CSA healing

trust issues, response towards victim, available support, prior trauma, history of psychological problems, dysfunctional family environment

moderators of CSA healing

victims sex, severity of CSA, child-perpetrator relationship, level of force or injury, chronicity, polyvitimization

Intervention fo CSA for children and parents

Trauma-focused CBT

Intervention for CSA offenders

CBT with masturbatory satiation, chemical castration

CSA primary and secondary prevention focused on children

School-based programs (most effective include modeling, discussion, and skills rehearsal)

CSA primary and secondary prevention focused on adults

public education campaigns, training of professionals

Outcomes of child education on CSA

some knowledge gains, maintenance poor

Outcomes of VT adult-focused CSA public awareness campaign

increased knowledge and awareness, increased actions to prevent abuse, abusers seeking help

Child neglect made up _____% of CPS reports in 2018

61%

Child neglect is the most commonly _____ AND ______ form of child maltreatment

reported, substantiated

Unlike physical and sexual abuse, ______ rates have not declined over that past three decades, likely because of…

neglect; poverty worsening

Child neglect victim characteristics

younger (reliant on parents), poor

Neglectful parent characteristics

young, female, single, psychological problems, substance abuse

Social risk factors for child neglect

Poverty/low SES, lack of social support, isolation, poor family functioning

Protective factors for child neglect

high self-efficacy, positive relationships, parental involvement in child activities

Immediate consequences of child neglect

social/attachment difficulties, cognitive/academic deficits, emotional/behavioral problems, physical consequences (failure to thrive)

Long-term consequences of child neglect

(50 year longitudinal study found that victims of child neglect at age 50 showed…) cognitive deficits, illegal behaviors, psychiatric disorders, trauma symptoms, substance use

Primary prevention for child neglect

Parent education (limited impact, most neglect is unintentional and due to a lack of resources)

Secondary prevention or Intervention

Housing programs aimed at addressing housing insecurity

Housing first Programs

end homelessness with no pre-requisites

Rapid re-housing

provides quick housing and short-term services

Permanent supportive housing

provide families with indefinite housing vouchers and services (site-based or scattered-site based)

Supportive Housing for Families Study outcomes

reunification from foster care, family preservation for at-risk families

Funnel Metaphor steps

Actual rate of VMIR —> Reported VMIR (CPS, APS, Police) [1/3] —> Substantiated VMIR (authorities conclude abuse did occur, 51% standard) [1/4] —> Social services provided —> Arrests —> Convictions (beyond a reasonable doubt)

FBI data underreports…

VMIR

Data from state reports to federal government…

varies in accuracy state by state

Longitudinal designs allow the study of…

changes over time, some causal inference

Randomized control trials include

independent/dependent variables, random assignment

An alternative to RCTs, lacking ______

Matched Comparison Groups, random assignment

Number of substantiated cases in 2017

700,000