Research methods

Mean

Average of a data set.

Median

Middle value in an ordered data set.

Mode

Most frequently occurring value.

Range

Difference between the highest and lowest values.

Falsifiable Hypothesis

A prediction that can be tested and proven wrong.

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

UCR (Unconditioned Response)

Natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

CS (Conditioned Stimulus)

Previously neutral stimulus that now triggers a response.

CR (Conditioned Response)

Learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

NS (Neutral Stimulus)

Stimulus that initially has no effect.

Operational Definitions

Clear, measurable definitions of variables.

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to look for info that supports beliefs.

Self-Serving Bias

Attributing success to yourself and failure to others.

Hindsight Bias

Belief that you 'knew it all along' after an event.

Survey Methods

Use random selection, avoid leading questions and sample bias.

Random Selection

Everyone has an equal chance of being chosen.

Wording Effect

Subtle changes in question wording can affect responses.

Sample Bias

When the sample doesn't represent the population.

Bimodal Distribution

A distribution with two peaks.

Single-Blind Study

Participants don't know if they're in experimental or control group.

Double-Blind Study

Neither participants nor researchers know group assignments.

Types of Research

Correlation, experiment, case study, naturalistic observation.

Informed Consent

Participants must agree to study after knowing risks.

Experimental Design

Controlled test of a hypothesis.

Non-Experimental Design

Observational or survey-based methods.

Confounding Variable

Outside factor affecting results.

Qualitative Data

Descriptive data.

Quantitative Data

Numerical data.

Operational Definitions Purpose

Ensures consistency and replicability.

Correlational Studies

Show relationships, not cause and effect.

Positive Correlation

Both variables increase together.

Directionality Problem

Unsure which variable influences the other.

Random Sample

Every member of population has equal chance of selection.

Social Desirability Bias

Answering in a way to be liked or approved.