Chapter 12: CV and Lymphatic

pericarditis

acute or chronic, inflammation of the pericardium

Can be caused by an infection, can be related to another condition, 1-3 weeks uncomplicated, treat underlying cause, complication: fluid around the heart, stops beating: cardiac tamponade, can recur,

myocarditis

acute or chronic, inflammation of the cardiac muscle and conduction system

Viral infection, can be bacterial or medication, radiation therapy,

pressure, chest pain, tightness, fever, fatigue,

echo, MRI, ultrasound,

treat underlying problem, make sure there isn’t permanent damage, preserve muscle,

oxygen, medications to reduce workload, uncomplicated,

left untreated: heart failure, edema, failure of a part of the heart, long term sedentary lifestyle

endocarditis

inflammation of membrane lining valves and chambers, vegetations form

After surgery, infection, possible oral infection,

weakness, fatigue, chills, night sweats, loud sudden onset murmur, worry about vegetations breaking free,

echo, transesophageal, antibiotics,

hospitalized, heart monitor, bedrest,

complications: heart failure, mult organs damage

mitral valve insufficiency

blood from the left ventricle flows back into the left atrium

Symptoms: pallor, lightheaded, fatigue, palpitations, shortness of breath, orthopnea, peripheral edema, atrial fibrillation, jugular vein distention, transesophageal echo, heart cath,

most often secondary to MI or infective endocarditis, left sided heart failure, mitral valve prolapse, or a falling of the valve tissue may occur

pig valve and cadaver, mechanical valve, balloon valvuloplasty

mitral valve stenosis

blood flow is obstructed from the left atrium to the left ventricle

Symptoms: pallor, lightheaded, fatigue, palpitations, shortness of breath, orthopnea, peripheral edema, atrial fibrillation, jugular vein distention, transesophageal echo, heart cath,

most often secondary to MI or infective endocarditis, left sided heart failure, mitral valve prolapse, or a falling of the valve tissue may occur

pig valve and cadaver, mechanical valve, balloon valvuloplasty

aortic insufficiency/stenosis

Can be congenital, adults 40-50, calcium build up,

initially asymptomatic, pallor, fatigue, backflow into lungs, shortness of breath with exertion, syncope, diastolic murmur,

ekg and echo,

valvuloplasty or replacement  

essential hypertension

high BP that persists and develops over many years

Stage 1: more than 130/80

stage 2: more than 140/90

Idiopathic, African Americans at higher risk, obese, bad diet, smokers, sedentary lifestyle, oral contraceptives, insulin resistance, older you get higher the risk

Bruits: murmur outside of heart, x-ray(heart size, large hearts, antihypertensives, healthy lifestyle, diuretic, reduce stress, good prognosis as long as they’re compliant

Stroke, heart failure, kidney failure, prevention: don’t smoke, don’t drink,  

CAD

Narrowing of coronary arteries, plaque build up, inside, smaller space for blood to move through,

ischemia, atherosclerosis, predisposing factors, hereditary, drinking, smoking, obese, diabetes, hypertension, stress, men>women, asymptomatic until heart attack,

angina(transient chest pain), panic, sweating, nausea, vomiting,

echo, stress test, MRA, inject dye, restore blood flow, angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft, 

angina pectoris

Chest pain caused by constriction(arteriosclerosis), coronary artery, temp disruption of blood flow,

stable vs unstable, depleted blood flow, under control,

vasodilators, nitrates, control high BP, low dose aspirin,

no smoking, diet, no stress,  

atrial fibrillation

Atria quiver instead of contracting, no true rhythm, no p waves,

blood pools -> clots -> traveling,

feel bad, fatigue, palpitations, dizzy, chest pain, shortness of breath, can be asymptomatic,

need to slow down rate, medicine or electricity, cough, anticoagulants,

ECG, holter monitor, chest x-ray, echo

beta blockers, cardioversion, cryoablation

atrial flutter

tachycardia that results in arrythmias due to narrow QRS rhythm

lowered blood flow to the heart the result of a blood clot or coronary artery disease

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

medical emergency

•Occurs when blood flow to section of the heart muscle becomes blocked, usually by a clot

•If blood not restored, muscle becomes damaged and begins to die

congestive heart failure

reduced volume and dilated ventricle

dyspnea, fatigue, distended neck veins, hepatomegaly, tachypnea, edema, diaphoresis, cyanosis, hemoptysis, pitting edema

Cardiac arrest

•Occurs when a heart arrhythmia causes the heart to suddenly stop beating.

abdominal aneurysms

dilation of a blood vessel due to weakening of its walls, most common aneurysm, medical emergency

sudden severe. constant back, flank, abdominal, and groin pain, if ruptured: cyanosis, tachycardia, hypotension, and altered mental status

diagnosed with chest x-ray, CT, MRI, echo, ultrasound, angiography, CAUTION

guarded

thoracic aneurysms

medical emergency, most dangerous and rare,

chest, back, and abdominal pai, dysphagia, dyspnea, cough, and hematemesis, if ruptured: shock, hypotension, and tachycardia

diagnosed with chest x-ray, CT, MRI, echo, ultrasound, angiography,

guarded

peripheral aneurysms

enlargement or weakened area in an artery other than the aorta, mainly leg and neck artery, men over 60, don’t rupture as easily,

commonly occuring in popliteal artery, also in femoral, carotid, or arm arteries, pulsing lump, claudication, painful sores, of fingers and/or toes, limb numbness

diagnosed with chest x-ray, CT, MRI, echo, ultrasound, angiography,

thrombus may form

arteriosclerosis

widespread thickening of the walls of small arteries and arterioles, with a resulting loss of elasticity,

unclear; complicated, multifaceted, trauma, accumulation of lipids due to dietary excesses, faulty carbohydrate metabolism, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, genetic defect, associated with aging, obesity, scleroderma, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nephrosclerosis

History and physical examination, CT scan, Doppler ultrasound, ECG and angiogram, lab tests show elevated cholesterol, triglyceride, lipids

catheter, balloon, and stent

asymptomatic, intermittent claudication, skin temp and color change, bruits, headache, dizziness, and memory defects, pain

atherosclerosis

accumulation of yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris on the inner layers of the walls of large and medium sized arteries

unclear; complicated, multifaceted, trauma, accumulation of lipids due to dietary excesses, faulty carbohydrate metabolism, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, genetic defect, associated with aging, obesity, scleroderma, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, nephrosclerosis

History and physical examination, CT scan, Doppler ultrasound, ECG and angiogram, lab tests show elevated cholesterol, triglyceride, lipids

catheter, balloon, and stent

asymptomatic, intermittent claudication, skin temp and color change, bruits, headache, dizziness, and memory defects, pain

thrombophlebitis

Inflammation in a vein when clot forms, Abnormal mass of platelets on the vascular wall, vein can be partially or completely obstructed, Occurs most often in a leg

maybe asymptomatic, dull aching, warmth, and tight feeling at the site, hardness, redness, darkening of the skin over the vein

physical exam, blood tests, doppler, duplex, phlebography, ascending venography, CT, MRI

bedrest, elevate affected limb, heat, elastic bandages, blood thinner,

no complementary therapy

superficial veins: good, deep veins: less optimistic

compression socks

varicose veins

enlarged, twisted, superficial veins and may be referred to as venous reflux disease

defective or damaged valves in the veins prevent the blood from flowing freely toward the heart. This buildup of pressure in the superficial veins causes varicosities.

lymphedema

•an abnormal accumulation of lymph, usually in the extremities

•either primary (occurs alone) or secondary (occurs as a result of another disease or disorder

•No cure, but it can be controlled