AP Psychology Unit 6 -> Motivation & Emotion

Instinctive Theory

Instinctive Theory

The body follows a set of biologically pre-programmed instinctual urges

Drive Reduction Theory

Our bodies like to be in homeostasis (internal state of balance)

Incentive Theory

Positive or negative environmental stimuli motivate behavior

Arousal Theory (aka Yerkes-Dodson Theory)

Optimum stress is necessary for optimum performance (too much or too little stress is bad, but the right amount is optimal)

Self-Determination Theory

Desire for significant accomplishment (being in control of your life allows you to be more self-directed)

Extrinsic Motivation

Desire to perform a behavior for reward or to avoid punishment

Intrinsic motivation

Desire to perform a behavior for your own sake

Self-Actualization Theory

A true realization of our inner potential (goals & dreams)

Extracellular thrist

Loss of fluids surrounding cells of your body (caused by vomiting & dehydration; need minerals & water to relpenish)

Intracellular thirst

Sodium decreases fluids inside cells from eating salty foods (only water can fix this)

Leptin

Hunger hormone

Set point theory

Your body tries to maintain a particular level of weight (homeostasis)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

(Bottom) Physiological, Saftey, Love/belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization, Transcendence (Top)

Type A personality

Competitive, hard-driving, impatient,

Type B personality

Calm, relaxed, non-competitive

Type C

Models Type A but can mirror Type B under stress

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Process of responding to stressful events

• Alarm → immediate (fight or flight) response of the body

• Resistance → Body defenses weaken and stress is reduced

• Exhaustion → Stress becomes persistent

Adaptation Level Phenomenon

Humans adapt to their surroundings and no longer respond to the novelty of certain stimuli after a period of time has passed (Ex: winning the lottery made you happy a year ago, but now you don’t feel the same happiness)

Approach-Approach conflict (conflict motivatoin)

occurs when you must choose between two attractive outcomes

Avoidance-avoidance conflict (conflict motivation)

occurs when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes

Approach-avoidance conflict (conflict motivation

When one event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features (ex: You like the taste of candy but your stomach hurts after eating it)

Catharsis

The process of releasing tension (getting out of a state of tension)

Feel Good, do-good phenomenon

The tendency to help others when your in a good mood

Subjective well-being

Self-measuring your state of well-being (How you feel about your own life)

Relative Deprivation

When you feel worse than the people you associate and compare them to yourself with (ex: you feel sad because all of your friends did well on a test but you didn’t)

James-Lange theory

Our physiological reaction leads us to labeling the emotion

Cannon-Bard theory

Our physiological reaction occurs simultaneously with labeling the emotion

Shachter-Singer “2-factor” theory

Our physiological reaction occurs while we create a cognitive label from the environment; then we experience the emotion

Opponent Process theory

after you feel an emotion you will feel the opposite of said emotion. Also, emotions work in pairs

Leadership Style

Theory X (Task Leadership) vs Theory Y (Social leadership)

Theory X

Constant monitoring of workers, hovers

Theory Y

Gives challenges and freedom; workers are more motivated to demonstrate competence and creativity

Izard Theory

10-basic emotions that are cross cultural (ex: anger, sadness, disgust)

Ekman’s Theory

Facial muscles are used to indicate emotion and are universal

Limbic System

Controls behavioral and emotional responses