AP HuG Unit 2 Vocab

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Androcentrism

Male centered

Antinatalist policy

Government policies that support lower birth rates

Arable land

Land suitable for agriculture

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Boserup effect

Increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods

Carrying capacity

The population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources

Census

A complete enumeration of a population.

Cornucopians or anti-Malthusians

People who disagree with the Malthusian view of population and resources

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Degenerative diseases

Disease that worsen over time.

Demographic transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Developed (industrialized) country

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

Developing (industrializing) country

A country that is of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Epidemic

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Epidemiologic transition

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Epidemiology

the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Maternal mortality rate

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births

Medical revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year. CBR - CDR

Neo-Malthusian

People who share the beliefs with Thomas Malthus, but believe humans will outgrow resources and food supply.

Overpopulation

a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land

Population pyramid

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex

Potential support ratio (elderly support ratio)

The number of working-age people (ages 15 to 64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older.

Pronatalist policy

Government policy that supports higher birth rates

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Brain drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

Circular Migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

Emigration

Migration from a location

Family-based migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives previously migrated there

Floodplain

The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends.

Forced migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors or environmental factors.

Guest worker

A worker who migrated to developed countries in search of a higher-paying job.

Immigration

Migration to a new location

Infanticide

the death of infants

Internal migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Internally displaced person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

International migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Interregional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

Migration transition

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another.

Net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

Pull factor

A factor that induces people to move to a new location

Push factor

A factor that induces people to move out of their present location

Quota

A law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Remittance

Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

Step migration

Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps towards a final destination

Unauthorized immigrant

A person who enters a country without proper documents to do so

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.