AP Euro Mid-Terms

Renaissance

Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600. also means rebirth

City-states

amalgamation of many district political entities a city that is completely independent from other cities, complete with its own form of government and laws but still shares cultural similarities with a larger civilization. -Florence was the key city-state during the Renaissance

Medici family

most famous dynasty of those merchants and bankers who used their vast wealth to govern city states and to patronize illustrious creators in the arts; ruled Grand Duchy of Tuscany; family included: 2 popes, many cardinals, 2 queens of France

Lorenzo de Medici (the Magnificent)

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492) his rule is considered the most flourishing period in the history of Florence, a time of great cultural growth, which made Florence one of the most important centers of the Italian Renaissance

Leonardo da vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance. He is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Michelangelo Buonarroti

primarily a sculptor whose Pietà (Mary mourning the body of Christ lying across her lap) is considered a perfect marble carving (1475-1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took him four years to paint. The ceiling shows sweeping scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible.

Petrarch

"Father of Humanism." studied classical Greek and Latin. introduced emotion in "Sonnets to Laura" first "modern" writer, he wrote sonnets in Italian, other works in Latin, and used writing to contemplate the ebb and flow of his life and the human condition itself

Boccaccio

A student of Petrarch, he was also a pioneer of humanist studies. Authored "Decameron."; satirized society and the clergy with entertaining tales that reflected upon the human condition

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Italian historian, statesman, and political philosopher of the Renaissance. His greatest work is The Prince, a book of political advice to rulers in which he describes the methods that a prince should use to acquire and maintain political power. This book was used to defend policies of despotism and tyranny. Machiavelli wrote that a ruler should take any action to remain in power, or that "the ends justifies the means."

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch Christian humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin(1466-1536)

Leon Battista Alberti

studied ancient roman buildings and used their principles of design to build cathedrals 15th century Florentine architect who said " Men can do all things if they well"

Lorenzo Valla

leading Italian Renaissance humanist most famous for On Pleasure, about the epicureans Renaissance Humanist who used his knowledge of Latin to show that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery.

Pico della Mirandola

Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.

Civic Humanism

The belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government. During the Renaissance, political theorists argued that selfless service to the polity was of critical importance in a self-governing republic.

Thomas More

English statesman and humanist, who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded, He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. (p.437)

Johann Gutenberg

German printer and European pioneer in the use of movable type; his invention spurred the Protestant Reformation by spreading ideas quickly such as Luther's 95 Theses, it increased literacy (book no longer had to be handwritten and because they were cheaper, more people could afford to purchase them and learn to read them)

Jan Van Eck

Widely considered the greatest of the painters from the north countries. The Netherlands, also known as the lowlands. Attributed with the creation of oil painting.

Albrecht Dürer

master artist of the era; mathematician who was painting landscapes and self portraits at 13 German artist who lived from 1471-1528. Famous for his woodcuts and copper engravings. Influenced by Venetian artists, he was versed in classical teachings and humanism. He was also the first to create printed illustrations in books.

Elizabethan Age

It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of the English literature and poetry 1558-1603. Encouraged expansion, exploration and colonization in the New World, especially after England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. Muscovy Company and British East India Company founded as first joint stock companies. First English colonists settled in Roanoke colony in present day Virginia. Shakespeare wrote his masterpieces.

Secular

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Christian Humanism

A branch of humanism associated with northern Europe. Like their Italian counterparts, the Christian humanists closely studied classical texts. However, they also sought to give humanism a specifically Christian content. Christian humanists like Desiderius Erasmus were committed to religious piety and institutional reform by studying Greek and Hebrew texts of the bible and the writing s of the Church fathers

Baldassare Castiglione

The Book of The Courtier. Described the ideal of a Renaissance man who was well versed in the Greek and Roman classics, and accomplished warrior, could play music, dance, and had a modest but confident personal demeanor. It outlined the qualities of a true gentleman.

Individualism

Pleasure and accomplishment supersede the medieval dedication to the cloistered life of the clergy Celebration of the potential of man with an artistic emphasis on depicting individuals uniquely.

Humanism

a literary and educational movement that was truly modern in that a class of non clerical writers concerned themselves with secular issues but based their answers to current problems on the wisdom of the ancient Greeks and Romans Studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities.

Donatello

created the first free standing bronze statue of a human created in Europe since antiquity Italian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David.

Filipino Brunelleschi

Renaissance architect famous for II Duomo- the first dome built since ancient times in Florence) Architect who won a contest to build the new cathedral of Florence

Raphael

1483-1520 Short but productive life. Worked in Florence and Rome. Well-known for Madonnas, humanized portrayals of the Virgin Mary with the baby Jesus. Painted frescoes in Vatican Palace

Mannerism

transition between the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the baroque era; art of the reformation and counter reformation focused on new ideas and how to express them Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poses and compression of space. Martin Luther

Lutheranism

The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could only be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith. 2 sacraments

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church, but were originally written in Latin as they were intended for ONLY the eyes of the Church, but when nothing came of his critique, he and some friends used the printing press to create a pamphlet with the information and spread it around everywhere.

Eucharist

A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only

Transubstantiation

Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist (ch. 14): that when the bread and wine (the elements) are consecrated by the priest at Mass, they are transformed into the actual Body and Blood of Christ.

Leipzig Debate

Luther debated with papal representative and famous theologian, Johann Eck, at the University of Leipzig. Luther, in attacking the doctrine of indulgences, challenged the Pope's supremacy. Eck accused him of being another Huss. Luther was unable to deny this.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. Martin Luther spoke about his views and the Edict of Worms forbade anybody from following his path.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe.

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism, who began Zwinglianism, abolished monasticism, relics, paintings, veneration of saints, celibacy, pilgrimages, and papal authority, but argued with Lutheranism over Communion

Schmalkaldic League

An alliance of Lutheran princes of the Holy Roman Empire. In the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, demanded that the Lutherans return to Catholicism by April 15th, 1531. Thus the creation of the alliance of Lutheran princes of the Holy Roman Empire. It was originally a defensive alliance meant to protect Protestants from the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. However, the princes eventually began seizing Catholic territories and fought a war against Charles V. Though the League was defeated, it weakened the Holy Roman Empire substantially and emboldened other Protestant princes to challenge it.

Peasants Revolt

German peasants protest in the name of Luther and his teachings; wanted more political and economic rights including the release from serfdom; Luther was disgraced by the peasants actions and called them "un-Christian"

Peace of Augsburg

Document in which Charles V officially recognized Lutheranism as a religion in the Holy Roman Empire that a ruler or free city had the liberty to choose for all subjects in the region (1555) Officially ended the religious wars

Catherine de Medici

wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of their father's rein. Arguable the most powerful woman in Europe as she aided in ruling along side her sons. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army, which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.

War of the three Henries

This was a civil conflict among factions led by the Catholic Henry of Guise, the Protestant Henry of Navarre, and King Henry III who succeeded Charles IX. Henry of Guise and King Henry were killed. Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV. Although he was Protestant, he had converted to Catholicism once he became king.

St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

Wars of Religion. In August 24, 1572 a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots, during the French rioters killed 3,000 Protestants in one night(in Paris)

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Henry IV

(1589-1610)

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Defender of the Faith

Title given by the pope to England's Henry VIII prior to England's break from the Catholic church due to his defense of the Catholic faith against Luther.

Thomas Cromwell

(1485-1540) Became King Henry VIII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary Thomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant., (1485-1540) King Henry VIII's Chief Minister; he confiscated the wealth of the Catholic church and divided administration according to its functions by creating separate departments of state.

Act of Supremacy

Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king.

Act of Succession

An act passed by King Henry VIII before he died stating that Mary and Elizabeth could rule if Edward died childless. Ensured his children would be able to legally and legitimately ascend to the throne.

Church of England

Also called the Anglican Church, this was the Protestant Church established by King Henry VIII; religious radicals desired a "purer" church that was allowed by monarchs of the early seventeenth century, causing some to leave for the Americas.

Mary I

Daughter of Catherine of Aragon, raised Catholic and then changed all of England back to Catholicism, killed many Protestants and had 300 heretics burned to the stake, "Bloody Mary" or "Bloody Queen".

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain, who was married to Catholic Mary I. He helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England and the Netherlands in an attempt to homogenize all Spanish holdings under Catholicism.

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisers.

Book of Common Prayer

King Edward VI published the official prayer book used by the Anglican Church. 1549; archbishop Thomas Cranmer simplified the liturgy and wrote this book. "In stately and dignified English... included the order for all services of Church of England"

Elizabeth I

--Queen of England from 1558 to 1603, This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England --She is considered a "politique" and is labeled as the best English monarch of all time. --led the defeat of the Spanish Armada, ruled during England's Golden Age (age of Shakespeare)

Eighty Years War

or Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648), began as a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands.

Duke of Alba

Lead a Spanish army into the Netherlands on orders from Phillip II of Spain. Made a council in the Netherlands and he was known for inspiring terror. His persecution send many fleeing from the Netherlands for safety

William the Silent of Orange

Leader of the Netherlands Council of State which fought against the Spanish. He was a politique and he later turned Calvinist. Also the great grandfather of William III of England. Gave the famous speech The Apology

Politiques

Those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else. Elizabeth I Henry IV William the Silent Catherine de Medici

Council of Trent

The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities who were called by Pope Paul III that met intermittently from 1545-1563 to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants.

Counter Reformation

The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected) Most of southern Europe followed the counter reformation movement. (also the Catholic Revival or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Jesuits

a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534 known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "soldiers of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

Ignatius de Loyola

Founded the Jesuits in 1534, which became the official order of the Catholic Church; believed salvation could be achieved by doing good deeds; his followers took vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience to the pope

John Calvin

A French theologian who established a theocracy in the Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. Bible is the sole word of God. Helped create the protestant work ethic. Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (1509-1564)

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born).

Anabaptist

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture. Protestant and Catholic leaders condemned them for advocating the complete separation of church and state.

John Wycliffe

(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollard. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope. First to translate the bible into English.

Lollard

An English Protestant sect that stressed individual reading and interpretation of the Bible. founded by John Wycliff

John Huss

Czech priest who was burned at the stake for rejecting and questioning certain church doctrines, such as transubstantiation (1369-1415) Habsburg- Valois Wars

Philip II

Son of Charles V

Escorial

Spanish imperial palace built by Philip II 1563-1584, combining a monastery, the tomb of Spanish Habsburgs, and a royal residence

Dutch Revolt

(1566-79) Protestant Region in Northern Spanish Netherlands; they revolted against Spanish authority (Phillip II and Duke of Alba) for political and religious independence from Spain with the help of Protestant England.

William the Silent of Orange

Ruler of the Netherlands who led a revolt for independence against Hapsburg Philip II of Spain. A politique , who gave the speech the Apology as a response and justification of his rebellion against Phillip II, and asking the Catholics to side with their fellow

United Provinces of the Netherlands

formed in 1581-Dutch Republic-received aid from Elizabeth I-major blow to Philip's goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire

Spanish Netherlands

Seventeen provinces, (Belgium, Modern Netherlands, Luxemborg) which are basically the Low Countries. They are called low because they are below sea level, the are surrounded by dikes and wind mills.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588, which failed

Catherine de Medici

wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572 on the wedding of Henry of Navarre and Margarete Valois

War of the Three Henrys

This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV) Will end with Henry of Navarre (Bourbon) ascending to the French throne

Henry IV

first Bourbon king-most important kings in French history-rise to power ended French Civil War. Politique, who converted to Catholicism to gain the loyalty of Paris, but also passed the Edict of Nantes.

Politique

A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France).

Edict of Nantes

1598, Meant to restore internal peace in France, Freedom for Hueguenots to practice in private (but not in Paris), they could fortify their cities against the threat of catholic violence.

Thirty Years' War

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were originated as a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict, but will become increasingly political. It was fought in 4 phases: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French

Bohemian Phase

The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain.

Defenestration of Prague

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Danish Phase

The second phase of the Thirty Years' War in which the Catholic imperial army led by Albert of Wallenstein won a series of major victories against the Protestants.

Albrecht von Wallenstein

mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE, he won many important battles against the Protestants.

Edict of Restitution

Imperial law that prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land stolen by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation.

Swedish Phase

The third phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; during this phase, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts.

Gustavus Adolphus

joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen

French Phase

The fourth and final phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by France's entrance into the war on the side of the Protestants; this gave the Protestants the support needed to defeat the Catholics.

Cardinal Richelieu

This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

English Civil War

This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished

James I

the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625

Charles I

son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland

"Divine Right" of kings

the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God

Cavaliers

In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.