Phonology and Phonological Errors

Learn the IPA symbols of specific categories of sounds, and phonological errors.

Plosives

/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /ʔ/ (Glottal stop)

Nasals

/m/, /n/, /ŋ/

Fricatives

/f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /h/, /θ/, /ð/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/

Affricates

/t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/

Approximants

/j/, /w/, /l/, /ɹ/

Monophthongs

/i:/, /u:/, /e/, /ɪ/, /ɔ:/, /ɑ:/, /ɒ/, /ʊ/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ə/, /ɜ:/

Diphthongs

/ɪə/, /eɪ/, /ʊə/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /eə/, /aɪ/, /aʊ/

Deletion

Omission of the final consonant of a word.

Substitution

Substituting one sound for another.

Addition

Adding an extra vowel sound to the end of a word.

Assimilation

Changing a phoneme for another phoneme with similar characteristics.

Reduplication

Repeating an entire syllable.

Consonant Cluster Reduction

Reducing consonant clusters into smaller, easier to pronounce units.

Deletion of unstressed syllables

Omitting the opening syllable in a polysyllabic word.