APWH Vocabulary Review Flashcards
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Flashcards covering vocabulary from AP World History Units 5-9.
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253 Terms
Socialism
A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Liberalism
A political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Strive for change
Conservatism
A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion.
Nationalism
Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
Feminism
The advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.
Deism
Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically a creator who does not intervene in the universe.
Empiricism
The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience.
Natural Rights
Rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments.
Monarch
A sovereign head of state, especially a king, queen, or emperor.
Individualism
A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.
Self-Determination
The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government.
Divine Right
The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God and are not accountable to any earthly power.
Aristocrats
Members of the aristocracy; typically, the rich and powerful members of society.
Laissez-Faire Economics
A policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.
Benjamin Franklin
A founding father of the United States, inventor, and diplomat. He was instrumental in gaining French support during the American Revolution and contributed to the drafting of the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Jefferson
A significant founding father of the United States, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third President of the United States.
Adam Smith
A Scottish economist and philosopher, known as the father of modern economics, who wrote "The Wealth of Nations" advocating for free markets and capitalism.
Thomas Hobbes
An English philosopher and political theorist, best known for his work "Leviathan" which argues for a strong central authority to prevent societal chaos and promote stability.
Thomas Paine
An English-American political activist and philosopher, best known for his pamphlet "Common Sense" that advocated for American independence and revolutionary ideas.
Sanitation
The process of maintaining cleanliness and hygiene to prevent disease, often involving waste disposal and water purification.
Mary Wollstoncraft
An English writer and advocate for women's rights, best known for her work "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," which argues for women's education and equality in society.
The Declaration of Sentiments
A document drafted in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention that called for women's rights, outlining grievances against the social and legal inequalities faced by women.
Abolition
The movement to end slavery and promote the emancipation of enslaved individuals, particularly in the 19th century.
Anti-semitism
Prejudice against Jews, often manifesting in discrimination and violence.
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority, influencing modern political and philosophical thought.
A statement adopted by the Continental Congress in 1776, declaring the thirteen American colonies free from British rule. It outlined the principles of individual rights and the justification for seeking independence.
A period during the French Revolution characterized by extreme political violence and mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution, led by the Committee of Public Safety.
A French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and became Emperor of the French, known for his significant reforms and military conquests.
The revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate in France in 1789, which played a key role in the French Revolution by drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
A group of escaped slaves in the Americas, particularly in the Caribbean and South America, who formed independent communities.
Spanish-born Spaniards residing in the New World, they held the highest social and political positions in colonial Spanish America.
Individuals of Spanish descent born in the Americas, typically holding significant social and economic status but excluded from high political offices.
People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry in Latin America, often occupying a social status between Peninsulares and Indigenous peoples.
People of mixed European and African descent, often found in colonial Latin America, holding a lower social status than peninsulares and creoles.
A series of essays written by Simon Bolivar in 1815, expressing his vision for Latin American independence and critiquing Spanish colonial rule.
The first independent nation in Latin America, established after a successful slave revolution led by Toussaint L'Ouverture against French colonial rule.
A document outlining the fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.
The archipelago nation in Southeast Asia, known for its struggle against Spanish rule and later American colonization, gaining independence in 1946.
Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause or point of view.
Division of Labor
The allocation of different tasks to different people or groups to increase efficiency and productivity in the production process.
a manufacturing process in which individual workers or teams perform specific tasks in sequence to create a final product efficiently.
a type of housing typically found in urban areas, characterized by cramped and poorly maintained living conditions, often occupied by low-income families.
a fabric made by weaving, knitting, or felting fibers together, commonly used in clothing and home furnishings.
Artificial waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, facilitating international maritime trade.
An industrial process for the mass production of steel by blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities.
A continuous rail line connecting west adn east ameirca
The political and social revolution in Japan that restored imperial rule.
British imperialist known for expanding into Africa and establishing Dabeer’s mining co.
A major company founded by Cecil Rhodes/ Controlled worlds diamond supply.
A German Philosopher and economist. Wrote the communist Manifesto. Critic of Capitalism who advocated for a classless society backed with socialist ideals
A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels outlining the principles of communism and class struggle
Elite infantry units of the Ottoman empire, originally made up of Christian boys, loyal to the sultan.
A reform movement in the Ottoman Empire aiming to modernize and secularize the state in the easily 20th century.
The growth of cities due to industrialization and population movement from rural to urban areas
When a dominant country controls another country’s economy, often through trade, investment, or exploitation of resources.
Prussian leader who unified Germany in the 19th century using realpolitik and strategic wars. Hosted Berlin Conference
Meeting where European powers divided Africa without African input, intensifying colonization.
European nation whose King Leopold II exploited the Congo for rubber and ivory during imperial expansion.
Belgium monarch known for brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State during the Rubber Boom.
Valuable resources extracted from Africa during European imperialism, often with forced labor and violence.
A massive Chinese civil war led by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing Dynasty (1850-1864)
Native peoples of a region, often displaced or oppressed during colonization and imperial expansion.
19th century US belief that expansion across the North American continent was justified and inevitable.
Region colonized by European powers; key site of plantation economies and the Atlantic slave trade.
Region where the Ottoman Empire carried out genocide against its Armenian population during WWI
Russian empress who expanded the empire and embraced enlightenment ideas whole maintaing absolute power
Brtisih colony where the Māori fought against colonization
Central Asian country resisting British and Soviet imperialism; difficult terrain and tribal unity
Region of southeastern Europe known for ethnic diversity and nationalist tensions leading to WWI
Indigenous group in the US forcibly relocated during the Trail of Tears. Tried to assimilate to white culture
Leader of an indigenous uprising in Peru against Spanish Colonial rule in the 18th century
Mexican president who resisted French Occupation and implemented liberal reforms in the 19th century
Austrian Prince installed as emperor of Mexico by napoleon III; executed after Mexican resistance.
Xhosa People
South African ethnic group that resisted British Colonial rule through the Cattle-Killing Movement.
Mother of the Ashanti Empire who led resistance against British colonization in Ghana.
West African leader who resisted French colonial expansion in the late 19th century.
Process of hardening rubber by heating it with sulfur
Dutch colonial policy requiring Indonesian famers to grow cash crops for export under forced labor.
Unpaid labor required by government, especially required in colonial and pre-industrial societies
Series of treaties ending the second opium war, opening Chinese ports to foreign trade and influence.
Cottage Industry
A system of production where goods were made by hand at home, typically before industrialization
Interchangeable Parts
Identical machine-made components that can be easily replaced, Introduced in the 18th century, they revolutionized manufacturing and led to mass production.
1842 treaty ending the first Opium War; China ceded Hong Kong to Britain and opened ports to British Trade.
Labor systems where individuals worked for a period in exchange for passage, housing, or debt repayment, often under harsh conditions.
Large Agricultural estates typically in colonies, using enslaved or indentured labor to grow cash crops like sugar or cotton.
Mid-19th Century conflicts between Britain and China over trade rights and opium sales; weakened Qing China.
A devastating famine in Ireland (1845-1852) caused by potato blight: led to mass death and emmigration.
Money sent by migrants to their families in their home country, supporting local economies.
Chinese Exclusion Act - (1882)
U.S. law that banned Chinese immigration first law to target and specific ethnic group.
Mexican dictator whose long rule favored elites and foreign investors; overthrown during the Mexican Revolution.
Chinese Immigration Act - (1855)
Canadian law restricting Chinese Immigration due to racial prejudice and economic competition.
Influx of Chinese Restriction Act
1881 Australian law aimed at limiting Chinese immigration due to growing anti-Asian semitent.
1853-1856 conflict between Russia and an alliance including the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France. Highlighted the decline of the ottoman empire.
1904-05 war where Japan defeated Russia
Leader of Bolshevik Revolution in Russia; established first communist government and led the soviet union.
Political and economic system advocating classless society, collective ownership of property, and the abolition of private ownership.
Economic system where production is owned or regulated by the community or state, aiming for equal wealth distributuion.
Founder of the republic of China; led the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and promoted nationalism, democracy, and social welfare.
A form of government where power lies with the people, who elect representatives or vote directly on laws
Severe food shortages causing widespread hunger and death.
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Flashcards (32)