Lecture 3 - Health related physical fitness testing and interpretation

What are the basic principles and guidelines before the arrival of individual being tested?

• ensure all necessary documents are available in the individual’s file and available for the test’s administration.

• Ensure appropriate room temperature

• Calibrate all equipment

• minimize individual anxiety

What is excess body fat associated with?

many chronic conditions

What is the percentage of American adults classified as either overweight or obese?

70.2%, and more than a third (37.7%) are classified as obese.

What is the percentage of overweight or obese American children?

nearly one third (31.8%)

Body composition measurements

Bod Pod, skin fold, Tanita scales, w/h ratio, BMI, hydrostatic weighing, IDEXA

Divide your fat vs free fat

What is the most accurate measurement of body composition?

The Bod Pod

What is the least accurate measurement of body composition?

BMI

Which measurement is a multi-compartment and is very expensive to run?

The IDEXA

What consists of the anthropometric methods?

• height, weight, and body mass index (BMI)

• Circumferences

• Skinfold measurements

What consists of densitometry methods?

• hydrodensitometry

• plethysmography

What are the other techniques of body composition?

• Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

• Total body electrical conductivity

• Bioelectrical impedance analysis

What is the BMI for underweight?

<18.5

What is the BMI for normal?

18.5 - 24.9

What is the BMI for overweight?

25.0 - 29.9

What is the BMI for the first obesity class?

30.0 - 34.9

What is android obesity?

It presents a much greater health risk compared to gynoid obesity.

What is an increased visceral fat?

There is a higher risk for the development of the metabolic syndrome compared to the distribution of fat within the subcutaneous compartment

What is the waist-to-hip ratio?

is the circumference of the waist divided by the circumference of the hips.

How has WHR have been used traditionally?

As a simple method for assessing body fat distribution and identifying individuals with higher and more detrimental amounts of abdominal fat.

How can waist circumference be used?

It can be used alone as an indicator of health risk because abdominal obesity is the primary issue.

What is a better measure of visceral adiposity?

Waist circumference

What are the very low-risk criteria for waist circumference for women?

<70 cm

What are the very low-risk criteria for waist circumference for men?

<80 cm

What are the very high-risk criteria for waist circumference for men?

>120 cm

What are the very high-risk criteria for waist circumference for women?

>110 cm

What is the accuracy of predicting percent body fat from skinfolds?

Approximately ±3.5%, assuming appropriate techniques and equations have been used.

What factors may contribute to measurement error within skinfold assessment include?

• Poor anatomical landmark identification

• Poor measurement technique

• An inexperienced evaluator

• An extremely obese or extremely lean individual

• An improperly calibrated caliper

Why have various regression equations have been developed?

To predict body density or percent body fat from skinfold measurements.

What is densitometry?

The estimate of total body fat percentage can be derived from a measurement of whole-body density using the ratio of body mass to body volume

What is the limiting factor of densitometry?

The accuracy of the body volume measurement because body mass is measured simply as body weight.

What is hydrodensitometry?

is based underwater. When a body is immersed in water, it is buoyed by a counterforce equal to the weight of the water displaced.

What is plethysmography?

Body volume is measured based on the amount of air displacement

What is the seven-site formula for men and women?

chest, midaxillary, triceps, subscapular, abdomen, supralliac, thigh

What is the three-site formula for men?

chest, abdomen, thigh

chest, triceps, subscapular

What is the three-site formula for women?

triceps, suprailiac, thigh (or abdominal)

Goal standard

high percent weighing

Dexa body comp fit

diagnosing osteoporosis

What is the range of body composition norms for men and women?

12% - 23% and 17 - 26%

What is Cardiorespiratory Fitness?

A health related component of physical fitness.

What is associated with low levels of CRF?

increased risk of premature death from all causes and specifically from cardiovascular disease.

What is associated with high levels of CRF?

Higher levels of habitual PA, which have many health benefits

What is VO2 max?

It is the product of maximal cardiac output and arterial venous oxygen difference.

What do maximal tests require?

Participants to exercise to the point of volitional fatigue, which may be inappropriate for some individuals and may require the need for emergency equipment.

What are the vo2 max assumptions from the HR response?

• A steady-state HR is obtained for each exercise work rate

• A linear relationship exists between HR and work rate

• The difference between actual and predicted maximal HR is minimal

• Mechanical efficiency is the same for everyone

• The subject is not on any medications that may alter the HR response.

What are the cardiorespiratory test sequence and test termination criteria?

• Collect all necessary baseline measures prior to initiating the test

• At minimum, HR, BP, and RPE, should be collected throughout the test.

• At times, tests may have to be terminated before reaching a pre-determinate endpoint

What is the borg rating a 6?

No exertion at all

What is the borg rating at 7?

Extremely light

What is the borg rating at 9?

What is the borg rating at 11?

What is the borg rating at 13

Somewhat hard

What is the borg rating at 15?

Hard (heavy)

What is the borg rating at 17?

Very hard

What is the borg rating at 19?

Extremely hard

What is the borg rating at maximal exertion?

20.

For general indications for stopping an exercise test, what is the excessive rise in BP for systolic?

>250 mm hg

For general indications for stopping an exercise test, what is the excessive rise in BP for diastolic?

>115 mm hg

What are the common field tests for exercise testing?

• 1.5-mile run/walk test

• Cooper 12 min test

• One-mile walking test

What are the common lab tests for exercise testing?

Motor-driven treadmills

Mechanically braked cycle ergometers

What is the most convenient mode of exercise testing?

Mechanically braked cycle ergometers

What is muscular strength?

The muscle’s ability to exert force

≤3 repetitions to fatigue

What is muscular endurance?

The muscle’s ability to continue to perform successive exertions or many repetitions

>12 repetitions to fatigue

What is muscular power?

The muscle’s ability to exert force per unit of time, or the rate of performing work.

What can muscle fitness tests provide at the start?

As part of a health screening evaluation, it can provide valuable information on an individual’s baseline level.

What are the principles for standardized conditions for muscular fitness?

• Aerobic warm-up

• equipment familiarization

• strict posture

• consistent repetition

• Full ROM

• Use of spotters

How can strength can be assessed either statically or dynamically?

• hand grip strength test (static)

• 1-RM and multiple RM tests (dynamic)

• with many trial and error

What is muscular endurance (push up test)

The ability of a muscle group to execute repeated muscle actions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular fatigue for a prolonged period of time.

When do muscular power decline?

With aging at a faster rate than strength and endurance

Compared to the other muscular fitness, muscular power is…?

the most valuable fitness variable for predicting maintenance of functional independence and improving quality of life.

What is flexibility?

The ability to move a joint through its complete range of motion

What are the variables that flexibility depends on?

• distensibility of the joint capsule

• Adequate warm-up

• Muscle viscosity

What is balance?

The ability to maintain a desired position