Introduction to Psychology: Mechanisms of Motivation and Emotion

These flashcards cover key concepts of motivation and emotion discussed in the lecture, focusing on emotions, their physiological basis, theories associated with emotional processing, and the brain's role.

What are the components of an emotion?

Physiological response, feeling, pattern, verbal and nonverbal expression.

Who proposed the discrete emotion theory?

Izard and Tomkins proposed the discrete emotion theory.

What is the role of the amygdala in emotion?

The amygdala processes biologically relevant stimuli and modulates emotional responses.

Name two emotions from Plutchik's model.

Joy and sadness.

What theory suggests that bodily responses precede emotional feelings?

James-Lange Theory.

What are display rules?

Cultural norms that dictate how emotions should be expressed.

What are the two theorists associated with the Two-Factor Theory?

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer.

What does the hypothalamus control?

The release of hormones and autonomic nervous system responses.

Which system is activated during a 'fight or flight' response?

Sympathetic nervous system.

What is homeostasis?

The optimal internal condition maintained by the body.

What is the difference between 'liking' and 'wanting'?

'Liking' is the subjective feeling of pleasure, while 'wanting' is the desire to obtain a reward.

What kind of emotions are considered discrete?

Emotions that can be categorized into distinct types, such as joy and anger.

What does the low road of LeDoux's Dual Route Theory refer to?

The direct evolutionary shortcut involving thalamus and amygdala leading to immediate action.

What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome related to?

Bilateral surgical removal of anterior parts of the temporal lobes, affecting emotional responses.

What role does cortisol play in emotion?

Cortisol is released in response to stress and regulates metabolic activity.

How do motivational drives interact with incentives?

Motivational drives direct behavior towards achieving incentives or goals.

What occurs during the parasympathetic nervous system response?

It promotes energy conservation, digestion, and recovery.

What physiological changes are associated with fear?

Increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and inhibited digestion.

What does 'emotion as a social construct' imply?

Emotions are influenced by cultural and social contexts rather than solely biological factors.

What is the effect of emotional arousal according to Schachter & Singer's findings?

Arousal is contextual and can lead to different emotional experiences based on interpretation.

What kind of drives are related to safety?

Nonregulatory drives based on emotional responses such as fight or flight.

What are regulatory drives?

Drives that maintain homeostasis, such as hunger and thirst.

What type of theory is the James-Lange Theory?

A theory that posits that physiological reactions precede emotional experiences.

What is the hypothalamus' function in relation to sleep?

Regulates the circadian rhythm and maintains sleep-wake cycles.

Which method measures physiological responses related to emotions?

Skin conductance response (SCR) measures sweat gland activity.

What did the experiment by Ohman (2001) reveal about reaction times?

People have faster reaction times to emotional stimuli than neutral ones.

What is addiction often related to in psychological terms?

The reinforcement of behaviors due to the pleasure associated with rewards.

Illustrate the basic structure of emotion as defined in class.

Emotion involves physiological responses, feelings, and actions.

What kind of approach does the cognitive theory take on emotions?

It emphasizes the role of appraisal in how emotions are experienced.

How does cultural context affect emotional expression?

Cultural context influences how emotions are displayed and understood.

What is the importance of dopamine in emotion?

Dopamine is involved in reward anticipation and learning.

What is the significance of Amygdala lesions in patients?

Leads to abnormal emotional responses, such as lack of fear.

What does the term 'emotion schema' refer to?

The complex framework consisting of expression, feeling, and physiological response related to emotions.

What is a common misconception about the relationship between emotions and physiology?

That physiology must precede emotional experience in all cases.

Describe what happens during sleep stage 4.

Characterized by delta waves and deep restorative sleep.

What are the five basic emotions according to conventional wisdom?

Joy, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust.

In emotional processing, what does the 'high road' refer to?

The cortical pathway that involves identification and cognitive evaluation of stimuli.

What is emotional feedback?

The idea that emotional expressions can influence our feelings.

Identify an emotional response that is usually categorized as high-arousal.

Fear, anger, or excitement.

How can nonverbal cues affect emotional expression?

They convey emotional states and social feedback without verbal communication.

What does 'reinforcement' mean in the context of motivation?

The positive effect of a reward that strengthens a behavior.

What does 'appraisal' refer to in emotion theory?

The evaluation of an event that influences emotional experience.

What impact does the environment have on emotional regulation?

Environmental factors, such as social interactions, can significantly modify emotional responses.

What is the main focus of the upcoming lecture?

The components of smell, taste, pain, hearing, and psychophysics.