balancing sectionalism and nationalism

industrial revolution

mid 1700’s— began in Britain → greatly increased production of goods resulted by use of power-driven machinery

samuel slater

1793— memorized blueprints for a spinning machine from England → America, opened a thread mill in Pawtucket, RI (industrial espionage)

francis cabot lowell

1813— opened a weaving factory in Waltham, MA
1820— started a bigger production; city designed for mill production, Lowell, MA

new england

this area has the perfect conditions for industrializing

• income from shipping and foreign trade → had Capital to invest in machines and factories

• swift rivers → water power

• large workforce of young women

lowell mils

1820— city of Lowell was planned solely for manufacturing textiles

• women were the backbone, and earned wages for the first time

• women got involved in progressive movements

  • women’s suffrage— right to vote

  • abolitionism— ending slavery

  • labor/union— worker’s rights

mass production

the production of goods in large quantities → goods avaliable at lower prices

market revolution

major economic change in which people began to buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

major cities

1840— there was a highest density of these in the north

slave states

1800— virginia, nc, sc, georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, future mississippi territory,

cotton gin

1793— invented by Eli Whitney, machine made to clean the seeds from cotton fibers

• farmers could now plant short-staple (cotton) that was easier to grow

1790-1810— cotton production skyrocketed from 1.5mil to 85mil lbs

interchangeable parts

universal and uniform components for machines that could be easily replaced

eli whitney

created the cotton gin and interchangeable parts

separate economic systems

as industrial revolution progressed → these became more distinct in the north and south

• all of nations industries were concentrated in the north

• south had little incentive to industrialize → cotton as the main industry

• cotton sent from south → manufactured to textiles in north

american system

speaker of house henry clay introduced thing to reunite the regions, spark economic development, and make the nation self-sufficient

• second bank of the US

• a high protective tariff

• federal gov funding roads and canals

**each part of the plan reinforced and sustained the other

second bank of the united states

1811— first one expired

1816— second was charted

printed paper money that people could trust

tariff of 1816

1816— cheaper British goods were on the market → tax on imports to prevent competition and boost American manufacturing

**brought in revenue to fund development of infrastructure

protective tariff

a tax on foreign goods to make cheaper imported goods more expensive to promote domestic goods

transportation revolution

increased production of goods → building of roads, canals, bridges, turnpikes, steamboats, and railrodds

• new modes of transportation provided a stimulus to the growth of the market economy

• the goal was to get products to consumers quickly and more efficiently

erie canal

1825— connected the hudson river to lake Erie (364 miles)

• linked eastern cities to western farms

• success of this set off a wave of canal-building

steamboat

build by robert fulton

• united the economies of the north and south

agraian

mid 1800’s— the south remained this type of economy

• money tied up in land/slaves

• had little Capital to invest

• transportation and communication lines were less devloped

nationalism

the act of putting the country’s interests over regional concerns or matters of other countries, occurred because

• a feeling that Americans had bested the British empire (war of 1812)

• new economic independence and prosperity (war of 1812→industrial rev)

• westward expansion

adams onis treaty

1819— signed between spain and United states

• spain gave Florida to the US for $5mil

• set a boundary between the US and New Spain (Mexico)

• gave up claims to Oregon territory

**Spain was willing because they believed they would loose Florida without compensation, they had many rebelling colonies, and Austria, Russia, and Prussia signed the Holy Alliance

florida

this state was refuge for these groups

• runaway slaves

• fugitive native americans

• smugglers/criminals

florida raid

1818— andrew jackson chased fleeting native americans across the boundary

• fugitives sought refuge with the Seminoles in Spanish forts in pensacola and st. marts

• seen as a threat to US state Georgia → Jackson had to take forts and fugitives

**was well received by American public/politicians, sympathized with Spanish colonists and their desire for independence

monroe doctirne

1823— influenced by Quincy Adams, foreign policy that stated…

• european powers keep their hands of latin american countries

• western hemisphere was closed to all future colonziation

• us. would not interfere with internal affairs of European countries or their existing colonies

northwest territory

consisted of the states Ohio, Wisconsin, michigan, Indiana, and Illinois, settlers moved into this area in hopes of new oppertunities

**when the population of a territory reached 60k, they could apply for statehood

mason dixon line

a line of demarcation that preceded the missouri compromise, unofficially departed north and south states (free and slave states)

missouri compromise

1820— series of agreements passed by Congress that…

• admitted Missouri as a slave state

• admitted Maine as a free state

• banned slavery north of latitude 3630

convention of 1818

1818— negotiated a treaty between the Monroe admin. and GB, to settle boundary issues between British NA and US following the war of 1812

• established a border from canada from ruperts land west to the rockies

• established a join occupation of Oregon between Britain and the US for the next 10 years

election of 1824

the election between Quincy Adams, Clay, Crawford, and Jackson (all DR)

corrupt bargain

1824— Jackson won the popular vote, but not the electoral vote, HoR (speaker/VP Henry clay) decided outcome

**Quincy won → Clay as sec of state

• Jackson accused Adams of stealing the presidency from him

• Called Clay “Judas of the West”

populism

a political approach that appeals to common people, separates people into 2 groups (common man and corrupt elite)

andrew jackson’s presidency

1828— voting requirement of owning property was dropped (closer to a true democracy, more white men), this president won following adam’s on the premise he was a common man

jackson’s inauguration

1828— 10-20k people of all races/genders/ages showed up (some traveling 500 mi)

**jackson’s political enemies feared ”mob rule” 

spoils systems

jackson ave his friends and people loyal to him positions in the government and threw out those leftover from the Adams admin

**”to the victors go the spoils”

native American question

options considered…

1. displace them, remove them from their homes and put them elsewhere

2. concert them to Christianity and have them assimilate into white culture

indian removal act

1830— jackson and Congress decided upon relocation that would force native’ Americans to move further west

**all moved west into Indian territory (present day oklahoma)

five civilized tribes

treaties signed with these tribes in the Indian removal act

1. Chickasaw, Choctaw moved from Mississippi

2. Cherokee and Creek from Alabama/Georgia

3. Seminole from Florida

treaty of new echota

ceded to the US tribal lands east of the mississippi in exchange for $5mil and some land in oklahoma

**Cherokee government did not approve this treaty

trial of tears

1838-1839— occured under van buren’s presidency, gold rush in georgia sped up the process of relocation

**Cherokee were forced to embark on an 800 mi journey, ¼ of them died (4000 out of 15-1600)

tariff of abominations

1816→1824→1828— SC and VP to John Adams and Jackson, John C. Calhoun opposed the new  tariffs, believing it put the south at a disadvantage and favored the North

**SC’s economy was struggling because cotton prices remained low

nullification theory

1828— calhoun (anonymously) penned the south Carolina exposition and protest. it said…

• if a state believed a federal law to be unconstitutional they would nullify it

• if the federal gov. refused to permit nullification, it was grounds for secession

hayne and webster debate

1830— robert Haynes (SC) vs. Daniel webster (MA) over tariffs, nullificaition and states’ rights

1. Haynes criticized the federal gov. for limiting liberty, Webster supported federal authority

2. Haynes went first, the Daniel websters “replied” in what is considered the greatest senate speech ever

**liberty and union, now and forever, one and inserparables”

—Webster

nullification crisis

1832— SC found it unacceptable like the other before it unacceptable like the others before it

• declared it null and void and threatened to secede from the nation

• Jackson considered this treason, threatened to hang Calhoun (who resigned as VP) and threatened to send the military to enforce the law in SC

force bill

1833— signed into my congress that allowed the gov to send troops into SC if they refused to pay tariffs

**crisis was averted upon clay’s intervention— tariffs would gradually be lowered over 10 year period

bank of the united states

1832— Jackson vetoed an act to recharter this because he believed in was an institution of washington’s privilege and elitism that embodied corruption

• would “destroy our republican institution”

• "that…is trying to kill me, but I will kill it”

**went out of business when Jackson won reelectionc

whig

1834— this political party formed by Webster, Quincy Adams, clay, supported…

• American system

• federally backed economy

• national bank

**basically renamed federalists

eli whitney

1793— created the cotton gin and interchangeable parts

henry clay

• proposed the American system

• ran in the 1824 election

• determined the outcome of the election of 1824 as the house of representatives

  • became secretary of state to quincy adams

• “judas of the West”— jackson

• upon his intervention, tariffs would be lowered over a 10 year period

• 1834— formed the whig party

robert fulton

built the first successful steamboat, United economies of the north and south

james monroe

• fought in the American rev

• from virginia, democratic republican

• secretary of state under madison

• president from 1817-1825

• president during the “era of good feelings” (years after war of 1812)

• 1823— Monroe Doctrine (sec of state was Quincy Adams)

john Quincy adams

• secretary of state during monroes presidency

  • influenced foreign policy with nationalism

• ran for president in the election of 1824

  • was elected president against jackson

• 1834— founded the whig party

andrew jackson

• ran in the election of 1824

  • lost to Quincy adams

• won the election of 1828

  • used populus, embodied the common man

• gave his friends and people loyal to him positions in government (spoils system)

• used the veto the most in any presidency

  • vetoed the national bank recharter

• democracy improved during his presidency

• decided upon the Indian removal act

• considered the nullification crisis treason

martin van buren

• won the election of 1836

• from kinder hook, ny

• only president whose second language was English (Dutch)

• inherited the conseuqneces of jackson’s economic policies

• the trail of tears occured under this presidency

john c calhoun

• from SC

• VP to Adams and jackson

• opposed the new tariffs (tariffs of abominations)

• 1828— wrote the south Carolina exposition and protest

• resigned as VP

robert hayne

critized the federal gov for limiting liberty

daniel webster

supported federal authority, replied with the greatest senate speeches ever

**”liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable”

william Henry harrison

• won the 1840 election

  • against Van Buren, whig candidate

• died from pneumonia one month into his term

**”tippecanoe and Tyler too”

john tyler

• vp to harrison

• “his accidency”

john eaton

• 1829— jackson’s secretary of war

• married to Margaret who had a previous husband (controversy with the Washington society)

• resigned along with van buren to give jackson an oppertunity to protect his presidency

peggy Eaton affair

jackson was advised to not make Eaton secretary of war because of margaret’s controvery

**”do you suppose that I have been sent here by the people to consult the ladies of Washington as to the proper persons to compose my cabinet”— jackson