D1.1 DNA Replication*

Nucleotides are the

building blocs of nucleic acid

major carbon based groups

three major examples of nucleic acids in nature

ATP

DNA

RNA

Individual nucleotides are referred to/

monomers

nucleotide contain what 3 parts for all 3

phosphate group

5-carbon monosaccharide

nitrogenous base

bonds between nucleotides involve () therefore referred to

sharing of electons

covalent bonds

DNA nucleotide contains

phosphate group

pentose sugar

nitrogenous base

nucleotide and nucelotide linked between

phosphate and pentose sugar

nucleotides joined by

condensation reaction

condensation reaction between nucleotides form a (same strand)

sugar phosphate backbone

condensation reaction between nucleotides (same strand) bonding

phosphodiester bond

two strand run

anti parallel

complementory base pairing

atcg

complementory base pairing what bond

hydrogen bond

how many bonds between at

2

how many bonds between cg

3

purines

double ring

adenine guanine

pyrimidines

single ring

thymine

cytosine

compare rna and dna

sugar ribose vs deoxyribose

nitrogenous base aucg vs atcg

single stranded vs double stranded

People come up with DNA structure

Watson and Crick

DNA replication is

semi conservative, each strand in DNA double helix acts as template for the synthesis of a new complementory strand

leading strand

new DNA strand synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction

toward the replication fork

lagging strand

DNA strand synthesize discountinously with short pieces

away from replication fork

newly synthesized DNA must go from

5’ to 3’

Enzyme in DNA Replication

Helicase

Helicase process

unwinds double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between parent strand

splitting and unwinding process opens DNA molecule to Y shape - replicatipn fork

DNA replicatio occurs in what phase

interphase

DNA replication definition

production of identical copies of DNA

where does DNA replication occurs

nucleus

unpaired nucleotide strand used for

template to create new strand

role of DNA polymerase

conneconnect the nucleotides by forming covalent bonds between them to form a new strand on each template strand

PCR

laboratory technique for amplifying a specific target sequence of DNA

3 process of PCR

denaturation - heating to 95C to seperate DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds

annealing - cooling to 50C allow primers to bind

Extension - 72C - optimal temperature for Taq polymerase - synthesize new DNA strand starting from primers

PCR primers

short, single-stranded segments of DNA that are designed to be complementary to the beginning and end of the target sequence that will be amplified.

Taq dna polymerase

heat stable dna polymerase

gel electrophoresis

a technique used for separating mixtures of proteins or fragments of DNA based on their sizes

dna nucleotide used for

assembling new strands