a+p lab test winter

adult skeleton

206 bones

axial skeleton

80 bones - skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

appendicular skeleton

126 bones - upper and lower limbs

long bones

longer then they are wide - humerus, femur

diaphysis

shaft region of bone - compact bone occurs there

epiphysis

ends of long bones - spongy bone occurs there

short bones

similar length and width - carpal bones

flat bones

thin flattened and slightly curved bone - scapula

irregular bone

bones w/ complex shapes - vertebrae

sesamoid bone

small round sesame-like - patella

process

projection of bone - raised bump

tuberosity

large rounded projection - attachment point

tubercle

small rounded projection - attachment point

condyle

rounded articular projection - attachment point

foramen

round oval opening through bone

fontanels

fiborous connective tissue on baby skull - allows skull to compress through birth canal and permit growth during infancy.

fontanels become

sutures by 2 years of age

auditory ossicles

malleus, incus, stapes

foramen magnum

spinal cord passes through

occipital condyles rest upon

vertebral column

number of bones forming face

14:

2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, 2 nasal, 1 mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer

number of bones forming eye orbit

7:

frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ethmoid

hyoid bone

attachment point for muscles of the tongue and larynx

C1 atlas

receive occipital condyles of skull that allows for nodding using superior articular faucet

C2 axis

articulates with atlas and allows head to shake no

C3-C7 cervical vertebrae

mantis looking

transverse foramen - where spinal nerves run through

T1-T12 thoracic vertebrae

giraffe looking

L1-L5 lumbar vertebrae

moose looking

largest and heaviest: weight bearing

sacroiliac joint

sacrum articulating with ilium of each hipbone

coccyx position

inferior coccyx: female - allows passage of baby

anteriorly coccyx: male

true rib

direct cartilage connection to sternum - 7 pairs

false rib

does not directly attach to sternum - 5 pairs

floating rib

only attaches to spine not sternum - 2 pairs

individual rib

vertebral end is bumpy

sternal end is smooth

thoracic cage

manubrium

sternum

xiphoid process

2 bones composing zygomatic arch

zygomatic process of temporal bone and temporal process of cheekbone

bones composing hard palate

palatine and maxilla

clavicle

rounded end lateral - shoulder scapula side

flat end medial - towards manubrium

scapula

acromion process always anterior and lateral

glenoid fossa - where humerus goes to

ulna and radius anatomical position

ulna medial radius lateral

proximal end radius head articulates with

humerus and ulna - specifically using the trochlear notch

distal end of radius articulates with

carpal bones of wrists

humerus

olecranon fossa always anterior

phalanges

proximal phalanx middle phalanx and distal phalanx

bony pelvis consists of

coxae, sacrum, and coccyx

true pelvis

below pelvic brim

false pelvis

above pelvic brim

os coxae

made of: ilium ischium and pubis top

acetabulum socket for femur is always lateral

femur

has intercondylar fossa for medial condyle that articulates with acetabulum and tibia

tibia and fibula

tibia is bigger weight bearing

talus

articulates with tibia and fibula

calcaneus

heel bone

foot

has navicular that helps distribute weight

bone we sit down on

ischium

pectoral girdle attaches to

sternum

functional classification of joints

based on amnt of movement that can occur:

immovable joints

slightly movable joints

freely movable joints

structural classification of joints

type of connective tissue that binds articulating surfaces together at a joint cavity

fibrous joint

cartilaginous joint

synovial joint

fibrous joint

bound by dense fibrous connective tissue - little to no movement

no joint cavity

ie sutures

cartilaginous joint

articulating bones bound tgt by cartilage - little to no movement

no joint cavity

ie epiphyseal plates in long bones of children

synovial joint

hyaline cartilage covers the surface of articulating bones and has synovial membrane producing fluid that lubricates the joint - reinforced by ligaments of dense regular connective tissue

has a joint cavity

freely movable

gliding synovial joint

non axial slide - side to side in one plane

little movement

ie joints b/w carpal bones of the wrist

hinge synovial joint

1 axis: flex and extend

movement occurs in a single axis: permit flexion and extension

ie elbow joint

pivot synovial joints

1 axis, rotation

ie joint b/w atlas and axis

condyloid synovial joint

2 axes 1 better than other

permits: flexion extension adduction and circumduction

ie joint b/w radius and carpal bones

saddle synovial joint

2 axes, both equally good

flexion extension abduction adduction circumduction and rotation

ue joint b/w carpal and metacarpal bone of thumb

ball and socket synovial joint

multiaxial movement

flexion and extension abduction and adduction circumduction and rotation

ie shoulder joint

abduction

movement of limb away from medial line of body - going away remove

lifting arm up

adduction

movement of limb towards medial line of body - towards midline add

arm going back to side

flexion

decreases angle between articulating bones

contraction of flexor muscle

bending arm

dorsiflexion

toes point upward

plantar flexion

toes point downward

extension

bending movement that increases angle b/w articulating bones

straightening of limb

hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

rotation

movement of bone around longitudinal axis

ie shaking head no

circumduction

movement when proximal limb stays stationary and distal limb moves in a circule

pronation

hand from palm up to palm down

pro=pull up position

supination

palm down to palm up

sup= soup holding bowl

eversion

movement of soles turning outward laterally

inversion

movement of soles turning inward medially

glenohumeral joint

ball and socket synovial joint

glenoid fossa humerus

greatest range of motion

coracohumeral ligament

coracoid process of scapula and humeral head

synovial joint diagram

synovial membrane produces synovial fluid for lubrication

full body skeleton

anterior view

skull lateral

lateral view

skull frontal

frontal view

infant skull

fontanels: sphenoid fontanel, mastoid fontanel, frontal fontanel, sagittal fontanel, occipital fontanel

shoulder joint

coracoclavicular ligament binds clavicle to coracoid process of scapula

knee diagram

lateral and medial meniscus - frequently damaged and torn due to injury

hip joint

pubo near pubis

ilio ilium

ischio ischium

ligaments around joint help

stabilize and limit movement and prevent dislocation

bursitis

inflammation of fluid sacs that cushions: bones tendons and muscles

arthritis

swelling and tenderness of one or more joints - leads to pain and stiffness

origin

stationary end of a bone

insertion

attachment site on the move that moves

masseter

origin zygomatic arch

insertion lateral surface of mandible

closing jaw

sternocleidomastoid

origin manubrium of sternum

insertion mastoid process of temporal bone

flex neck

pectoralis major

origin clavicle

insertion humerus

arm medially rotates at shoulder joint

deltoid

origin acromion process of scapula

insertion deltoid tuberosity of humerus

laterally rotate arm

rectus abdominus

origin pubic symphysis

insertion xiphoid process of sternum

compresses abdominal contents

gluteus maximus

origin sacrum

insertion posterior surface of femur

extends thigh at hip