Genetically Engineered

Regular Insulin Intake

Necessary for managing adult-onset diabetes, taken at specific time intervals.

Insulin from Other Animals

Isolation and use as a substitute for human insulin, potential immunological response in the human body.

Bacterial Production of Human Insulin

Simplifying the insulin production process, ability to produce large quantities easily.

Oral Administration of Insulin

Feasibility for diabetic individuals, reasons for current limitations.

Historical Source of Insulin

Extraction from cattle and pigs' pancreas, allergic reactions in some patients.

Structure of Insulin

Consists of two short polypeptide chains (chain A and chain B) linked by disulphide bridges.

Insulin Synthesis in Mammals

Synthesized as a pro-hormone with an extra stretch called the C peptide, removed during maturation into insulin.

Challenges in Insulin Production

Main challenge is getting insulin assembled into a mature form, Eli Lilly prepared DNA sequences for A and B chains of human insulin in 1983.

Production Process

Chains A and B produced separately, then combined to form human insulin by creating disulfide bonds.