Organic Synthesis Flashcards

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35 Terms

1
Fewer steps
Designing production methods with fewer steps reduces complexity and waste.
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2
Higher % atom economy
A method that maximizes the number of atoms from reactants that become part of the desired product, minimizing waste.
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3
Benefits of less waste in production
Less waste leads to reduced production time, less energy used, and more efficiency.
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4
Why are solvents avoided in synthetic routes?
Solvents are flammable, toxic, and increase waste; avoiding them improves safety and reduces environmental impact.
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5
Alkene to alkane reaction conditions
Hydrogen gas (H2) with a nickel (Ni) catalyst at 150°C.
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6
Alkene to haloalkane method
Electrophilic addition using HX at 20°C.
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7
Alkane to haloalkane reaction type
Free radical substitution with UV light.
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8
Haloalkane to alkene method
Elimination with KOH in ethanol under reflux.
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9
Alcohol to haloalkane mechanism
Nucleophilic substitution using NaX and concentrated H2SO4 at 20°C.
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10
Haloalkane to alcohol method
Nucleophilic substitution with NaOH in warm water under reflux.
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11
Alkene to dihaloalkane reaction type
Electrophilic substitution with X2 at 20°C.
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12
Alcohol to aldehyde reaction description
Oxidation involving distillation and acidified potassium dichromate.
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13
Aldehyde to alcohol reduction method
Reduction using NaBH4 in methanol and water.
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14
Alcohol to alkene reaction process
Elimination using concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst with heat.
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15
Hydration of alkenes method
Electrophilic addition using steam and phosphoric acid catalyst at 300°C and 60 atm.
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16
Alcohol to ketone oxidation mechanism
Oxidation of secondary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate under reflux.
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17
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid reaction description
Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate.
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18
Ketone to alcohol reduction method
Reduction using NaBH4 in methanol and water.
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19
Aldehyde/ketone to hydroxynitrile reaction type
Nucleophilic addition using KCN and H2SO4 at 20°C.
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20
Acid chloride to carboxylic acid reaction type
Nucleophilic addition-elimination with water at 20°C.
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21
Acid chloride to ester process
Reaction with alcohol at 20°C.
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22
Primary amide from acid chloride process
Nucleophilic substitution with ammonia at 20°C.
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23
Ester to carboxylic acid hydrolysis
Hydrolysis with dilute H2SO4 and water under reflux or dilute NaOH.
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24
Haloalkane to nitrile mechanism
Nucleophilic substitution using KCN in ethanol under reflux.
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25
Haloalkane to primary amine method
Nucleophilic substitution using excess ammonia.
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26
Carboxylic acid to ester process
Esterification with alcohol and concentrated H2SO4 catalyst under heat.
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27
Nitrile to primary amine reduction method
Reduction using LiAlH4 and dilute H2SO4.
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28
Reducing nitrobenzene to phenylamine process
Refluxing with Sn and concentrated HCl, followed by NaOH.
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29
Electrophilic substitution for benzene to nitrobenzene
Using concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 as a base under
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30
Phenylamine to N-phenyl ethanamide process
Acylation using ethanoyl chloride at room temperature.
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31
Benzene to phenyl ketone method
Friedel-Crafts acylation using an acyl chloride and AlCl3 catalyst under anhydrous conditions.
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32
Ether functional group
ROR’ where R and R’ are hydrocarbon chains.
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33
Ketone functional group
RC=OR’ where R and R’ can be various hydrocarbon groups.
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34
Acid anhydride functional group
RC=OOC=OR’ where R and R’ are hydrocarbon chains.
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35
Acyl halide functional group
RC=OX where X is a halogen.
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