Organic Synthesis Flashcards

Fewer steps

Designing production methods with fewer steps reduces complexity and waste.

Higher % atom economy

A method that maximizes the number of atoms from reactants that become part of the desired product, minimizing waste.

Benefits of less waste in production

Less waste leads to reduced production time, less energy used, and more efficiency.

Why are solvents avoided in synthetic routes?

Solvents are flammable, toxic, and increase waste; avoiding them improves safety and reduces environmental impact.

Alkene to alkane reaction conditions

Hydrogen gas (H2) with a nickel (Ni) catalyst at 150°C.

Alkene to haloalkane method

Electrophilic addition using HX at 20°C.

Alkane to haloalkane reaction type

Free radical substitution with UV light.

Haloalkane to alkene method

Elimination with KOH in ethanol under reflux.

Alcohol to haloalkane mechanism

Nucleophilic substitution using NaX and concentrated H2SO4 at 20°C.

Haloalkane to alcohol method

Nucleophilic substitution with NaOH in warm water under reflux.

Alkene to dihaloalkane reaction type

Electrophilic substitution with X2 at 20°C.

Alcohol to aldehyde reaction description

Oxidation involving distillation and acidified potassium dichromate.

Aldehyde to alcohol reduction method

Reduction using NaBH4 in methanol and water.

Alcohol to alkene reaction process

Elimination using concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst with heat.

Hydration of alkenes method

Electrophilic addition using steam and phosphoric acid catalyst at 300°C and 60 atm.

Alcohol to ketone oxidation mechanism

Oxidation of secondary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate under reflux.

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid reaction description

Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate.

Ketone to alcohol reduction method

Reduction using NaBH4 in methanol and water.

Aldehyde/ketone to hydroxynitrile reaction type

Nucleophilic addition using KCN and H2SO4 at 20°C.

Acid chloride to carboxylic acid reaction type

Nucleophilic addition-elimination with water at 20°C.

Acid chloride to ester process

Reaction with alcohol at 20°C.

Primary amide from acid chloride process

Nucleophilic substitution with ammonia at 20°C.

Ester to carboxylic acid hydrolysis

Hydrolysis with dilute H2SO4 and water under reflux or dilute NaOH.

Haloalkane to nitrile mechanism

Nucleophilic substitution using KCN in ethanol under reflux.

Haloalkane to primary amine method

Nucleophilic substitution using excess ammonia.

Carboxylic acid to ester process

Esterification with alcohol and concentrated H2SO4 catalyst under heat.

Nitrile to primary amine reduction method

Reduction using LiAlH4 and dilute H2SO4.

Reducing nitrobenzene to phenylamine process

Refluxing with Sn and concentrated HCl, followed by NaOH.

Electrophilic substitution for benzene to nitrobenzene

Using concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 as a base under

Phenylamine to N-phenyl ethanamide process

Acylation using ethanoyl chloride at room temperature.

Benzene to phenyl ketone method

Friedel-Crafts acylation using an acyl chloride and AlCl3 catalyst under anhydrous conditions.

Ether functional group

ROR’ where R and R’ are hydrocarbon chains.

Ketone functional group

RC=OR’ where R and R’ can be various hydrocarbon groups.

Acid anhydride functional group

RC=OOC=OR’ where R and R’ are hydrocarbon chains.

Acyl halide functional group

RC=OX where X is a halogen.