SCIENCE TEST

Prokaryotic

1. Simple organism composed of one cell with no nucleus, simple, contains no organelles

Eukaryotic

1. Larger organisms made of one or more cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Autotrophic

1. Creates their on energy, either from the sun or chemical reactions

Heterotrpic

1. Gets energy from consuming other organisms

Derived characteristics

1. a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants.

Node

1. The point on a cladogram where the lines intersect, indicates the location of the last common ancestor

Clade

1. a group of ALL the organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor

Common ancestor

1. An organism or group of organisms that is shared by multiple lineages

Microbiology

1. A field of science that studies small organisms 

Pathogen

1. Anything that makes you sick

Flagella

1. A long whip like appendage that allows single celled organisms to move

Antibiotics

1. A medication that treats bacteria infections

Caspid

1. The outside shell of a bacteria

Virus

1. A small non living infectious particle, containing some kind of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and surrounded by a protein coat

Lytic cycle

1. One of the reproductive cycles of a virus, where a virus injects its DNA into a host cell but DOES NOT make more copies

Lysogenic cycle

1. One of the reproductive cycles of a virus, where the viral DNA in a host cell is activated to create more viruses

Vaccine

A method of preventing viral illness.

Levels of classification from browsing to most specific

Broadest Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Specific Species

Human scientific name

Homo sapien or homo sapien

Chimpanzee scientific name

Pan troglodytes

Bonobo scientific name

Pan paniscus

African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus), are in the family Canidae. Do you think they are more closely related to Arctic Foxes or Dogs based on what you know about them? (Try to think of how else we might sort these based physical/geographical characteristics)

Since they share the same Family name for both foxes and dogs, and neither have the same genus name we would have to rely on other traits such as physical or geographical indicators. Since dogs are more closely related in size, shape and location to african wild dogs, they likely are more closely related. 

Eubacteria

Prokaryotic

Uni

Yes, contains peptidoglycan

Both

asexual

Mostly sessile, some motile

Can make us sick, most abundant kingdom

EXAMPLES: STAPH, MRSA, Streptococcus

Archaebacteria

prokaryotic

Uni

contains uncommon lipids, lack peptidoglycan

Both

Asexual

Mostly sessile, some motile

Extremophiles, cannot make us sick

EXAMPLE methanobacteria

Protista

Eukaryotic

mostly unicellular

Cellulose or other sugars, or none

Both

Both

motile/sessile

Catch all category

Example: Euglena

Fungus

Eukaryotic

mostly multicellular

Yes, contains Chitin

Heterotroph (Decomposers)

Both

Sessile

Mostly land based, can reproduce using spores

EXAMPLES: Mushrooms, yeast

Plant

Eukaryotic

Multi

Yes, contains Cellulose

Autotrophs

sexual/asexual

Sessile

Cannot move, mostly green (Chlorophyll)

EXAMPLES: Trees, flowers

Animal

Eukaryotic

Multi

NO

heterotroph

Both (Primarily sexual

Motile

All motile, live on both land and in the water

EXAMPLES Us, Dogs, Fish, Insects

What traits separates lampreys from tuna on this cladogran?

Jaws

What separates a salamander from a turtle?

Amniotic Egg

Which organism is most related to the leopard?

Turtles

Which organisms DNA will differ the most from the leopard and why?

Lancelet, farthest away on the cladogram

Name five derived traits possessed by birds?

Amniotic Egg, Keratinized skin, parental care, bipedalism, asymmetrical feathers 

Name derived traits possessed by reptiles/birds (the group comprised of turtles, lizards, snakes + crocodiles + dinosaurs + birds; including their common ancestors)

Amniotic egg, keratinized skin

True or False: On their own, crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds form a clade.

True but should include their common ancestors as well

True or False: On their own, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and dinosaurs form a clade.

False

According to the cladogram, which character evolved first: the amniote egg or hair?

Amniotic egg

According to the cladogram, which character evolved first: keratinized skin or bipedalism

Keratinized skin

On the cladogram, where is the point (i.e. node) that represents the most recent common ancestor of crocodiles, dinosaurs and birds. (indicate by stating the derived characteristics on either side of the node).

Between parental care and bipedalism

Bacteria characteristics

Nucleus?

How do they reproduce?

Can it cause disease?

What is its structure? Aka what is it made of

Living or non-living?

Size?

Beneficial?

How can it be treated?

No

Asexually through binary fission, can also do conjugation

Yes

Prokaryotic Cell, has an outside capsid

Living

Small for cell

Yes

Antibiotics

Viruses characteristics

Nucleus?

How do they reproduce?

Can it cause disease?

What is its structure? Aka what is it made of

Living or non-living?

Size?

Beneficial?

How can it be treated?

No

By infecting a host cell that builds more viruses for them

Yes

Nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat

Non Living

Even smaller than a cell

Somewhat, can help drive evolution

Vaccines are preventative, anti virals can prevent replication

1. Explain in simple terms how viruses infect host organisms (you should describe both the lytic and lysogenic cycle) 

1. Example answer: A virus would begin by attaching to a host cell, it would then inject its genetic material into the host. Once in the cell it would likely enter the lysogenic cycle, where its DNA is added to the host's DNA. The DNA is then replicated everytime the cell replicates. At some point the viral DNA is triggered on and thus the cell enters the lytic cycle. During the Lytic cycle the cell builds more viruses using the hidden viral DNA. These viruses then eventually cause the cell to rupture, thus releasing more viruses in the environment. 

1. Are viruses living or nonliving? What evidence do you have to support your answer?

1. Example answer: Non Living, they lack several characteristics of life such as being made of cells, maintaining homeostasis, using energy. 

1. How do any of the experiments we discussed regarding germ theory (aka, Koch or Pasteur) help support the principles of the scientific method?

1. They demonstrate that through testing we can disprove previously accepted theories like spontaneous generation and instead develop new and changing ideas.