AICE PHYSICAL EDUCATION

What type of joint allows flexion and extension, and can you give an example?

A hinge joint allows flexion and extension, exemplified by the elbow and knee.

What is a ball and socket joint and where can it be found in the body?

A ball and socket joint facilitates movement in all directions, found in the shoulder and hip.

What is the function of synovial fluid in joints?

Synovial fluid lubricates joints, reducing friction and wear during movement, crucial for joint health.

What do ligaments do in the body?

Ligaments are connective tissues that connect bone to bone, providing stability to joints.

What is cartilage and what is its role in joints?

Cartilage is a smooth, rubbery tissue that covers the ends of bones in joints, reducing friction and absorbing shock.

What does flexion mean in terms of joint movement?

Flexion means decreasing the joint angle.

What does extension mean in relation to joint movement?

Extension means increasing the joint angle.

Define abduction in joint movements.

Abduction is moving away from the body.

Define adduction in joint movements.

Adduction is moving towards the body.

What is rotation in the context of joint movements?

Rotation is circular movement around an axis.

Define circumduction in joint movements.

Circumduction is circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

What illustrates flexion and extension in the bicep curl?

In a bicep curl, flexion occurs when the arm bends and extension occurs when it straightens.

How are abduction and adduction exemplified in shoulder movements?

Abduction is raising the arm sideways and adduction is bringing it back down.

Where does rotation occur in the body, and what does it involve?

Rotation occurs in the neck when turning the head side to side.

What does circumduction look like in motion?

Circumduction is illustrated by the arm making circular motions at the shoulder joint.

What is Newton's First Law of Motion?

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

What does Newton's Second Law describe?

Newton's Second Law describes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, summarized by the formula: Force = Mass × Acceleration.

What is the Third Law of Motion?

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

What is a first-class lever? Provide an example.

A first-class lever has the fulcrum in the middle, like the neck when nodding.

Describe a second-class lever and give an example.

A second-class lever has the load in the middle, exemplified by a calf raise.

What is a third-class lever? Provide an example.

A third-class lever has the effort in the middle, such as in a bicep curl.

Define open skill in sports.

An open skill is performed in unpredictable environments, like a soccer pass.

What is a closed skill?

A closed skill is executed in predictable environments, like a gymnastics routine.

What distinguishes gross skills from fine skills?

Gross skills involve large muscle movements, while fine skills require small, precise movements.

What is a discrete skill? Give an example.

A discrete skill has a clear beginning and end, such as a tennis serve.

What is a serial skill? Provide an example.

A serial skill involves a series of discrete movements, like in a triple jump.

What characterizes the cognitive stage of learning?

In the cognitive stage, the learner is new to the skill, making many mistakes and requiring guidance.

Describe the associative stage of learning.

In the associative stage, the learner practices the skill, making fewer mistakes and refining technique.

What is the autonomous stage of learning?

In the autonomous stage, the skill becomes automatic, allowing focus on other aspects of performance.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal rewards, such as personal satisfaction.

Define extrinsic motivation.

Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards, like trophies or recognition.

What does achievement motivation theory explore?

Achievement motivation theory explores how personality factors influence motivation.

What is intrinsic feedback?

Intrinsic feedback is information that comes from within the performer, such as feelings of success.

Define extrinsic feedback.

Extrinsic feedback is information from external sources, like coaches, guiding improvement.

What is knowledge of results in sports?

Knowledge of results focuses on the outcome of the performance.

What does knowledge of performance entail?

Knowledge of performance concentrates on the technique used during the performance.

What is Hawk-Eye technology used for in sports?

Hawk-Eye is used for line decisions in sports like tennis and cricket.

What does VAR stand for and its purpose in football?

VAR stands for Video Assistant Referee, used to review on-field referee decisions.

What are wearable technologies used for in sports training?

Wearable tech tracks performance and health metrics to improve training.

How is video analysis used by athletes?

Video analysis is used for technique improvement, allowing athletes to review and adjust their performance.

What are some pros of using technology in sports?

Pros include enhanced accuracy in officiating, injury prevention, and detailed performance analysis.

What are cons of using technology in sports?

Cons include expense, over-reliance on technology, and access issues.

Define deviance in sports.

Deviance is behavior that goes against the norms of sport, like cheating.

What is match-fixing?

Match-fixing is manipulating results for personal gain, undermining sport integrity.

What are the consequences of deviance in sports?

Consequences can include bans, health risks, and damage to reputation.

What factors can limit participation in sports?

Barriers include gender, age, ethnicity, ability, and cost.

How can barriers to sports participation be overcome?

Solutions include implementing inclusive programs and promoting role models.

What are the benefits of Physical Education (PE)?

PE promotes health, inclusion, and teamwork, encouraging lifelong participation.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

The heart has the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.

What is the double circulatory system?

The double circulatory system consists of pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (body) circuits.

Define cardiac output.

Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, indicating heart efficiency.

What is stroke volume?

Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the heart per beat.

How is heart rate measured?

Heart rate is measured in beats per minute.

What is the pathway air takes during breathing?

The pathway is from the nose through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, to the alveoli.

Describe gas exchange in the respiratory system.

Gas exchange is the process of oxygen entering the bloodstream and carbon dioxide being expelled.

What is tidal volume?

Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath.

What does vital capacity measure?

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air expelled after a deep breath.

Define residual volume in the lungs.

Residual volume is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after exhalation.