Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts and studies from the lecture notes.

What was the aim of Rogers and Frantz's study on European settlers in Rhodesia?

To investigate whether European settlers in Rhodesia would become more conservative about Africans as the length of their residence increases due to stereotypes and social categorization.

What were the results of Rogers and Frantz's study?

The majority of Europeans favored keeping laws that differentiated between Europeans and Africans, with new arrivals changing their attitudes to fit that of the European population in Rhodesia.

What were some limitations of Rogers and Frantz's study?

Limited transferability to other populations outside of Europeans in Rhodesia, cross-sectional design, and potential for participants to present a stronger opinion than they would actually have.

What was the aim of Abram's study on conformity?

To determine if in-group identity would affect one's willingness to conform.

What was the key finding of Abram's conformity study?

Most conformity occurred in the in-group public condition, suggesting social categorization influences conformity.

What are the limitations of Abram's conformity study?

Artificial setting, low ecological validity, use of deception, YAVIS sample, and cultural bias toward individualistic society.

What was the aim of Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?

To observe if children imitate behavior shown to them by models.

What were the results of Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?

Children who watched aggressive models showed more aggression, with boys being more physically aggressive and girls with male models being more physically aggressive.

What were the limitations of Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?

Small sample size, children were all children of Stanford lecturers, ethical considerations related to exposing children to violence, and low ecological validity due to the artificial setting.

What was the aim of Joy, Kimball, and Zabrack's study?

To investigate the impact of television on children's aggressive behavior.

What did teacher and peer ratings indicate in the Joy, Kimball, and Zabrack study?

Increased aggressive behavior in children after the introduction of television to a no-television community.

What are limitations of the Joy, Kimball, and Zabrack study?

Low internal validity and difficulty to replicate.

What was the aim of Steele and Aronson's study?

To show how stereotype threat can affect test performance in African Americans.

What was the key result of Steele and Aronson's study?

African American participants performed worse on a test of intellectual ability when told it was diagnostic of their ability, compared to when told it was a test of problem-solving skills.

What was a limitation of Steele and Aronson's stereotype threat study?

The sample was not representative as participants were university students.

What was the aim of Berry's study on conformity?

To measure levels of conformity in individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures.

What were the key results of Berry's conformity study?

The Temne group (collectivistic) had the highest level of conformity, while the Inuit group (individualistic) had the lowest level of conformity.

What are limitation of Berry's conformity study?

Artificial setting, lack of ecological validity, no random allocation, and results may not be true to a more globalized society.

What was the aim of Kulkofsky's study on flashbulb memory (FBM)?

To investigate if there is a difference in the rate of FBM in collectivistic and individualistic cultures.

What was a key finding in Kulkofsky's flashbulb memory study?

Collectivistic cultures subconsciously placed less importance on themselves and their families when forming FBM compared to individualistic cultures

What are some limitations of Kulkofsky's flashbulb memory study?

Self-reported data, reducing accuracy, and potential for some memories to not have been reported

What was the aim of Greenfield's study on Mayan children?

To explore how Mayan children learn the cultural skill of weaving.

What did interview revealed in Greenfield's study?

Daughters taught to recreate patterns through direct instruction.

What are some limitations on Greenfields study?

Researcher bias and small sample of a Mayan community.

What was the aim of Odden and Rochat's study?

To study the role of observational learning on the development of cultural norms in Samoa.

What did the MCQ scores reveal in the Odden and Rochat study?

That children had a good knowledge of their culture despite not being taught, through observation.

What were limitations of the Odden and Rochat study?

Overt observation and Culture shock of having non local researchers.

What was the aim of Lueck and Wilson's study?

To investigate the variables that may predict acculturative stress in a sample of Asian immigrants and Asian Americans.

What was the key finding of Lueck and Wilson's study?

Around 70% of participants experienced acculturative stress.

What did the interviews measure in the study by Lueck and Wilson?

Participants' level of acculturative stress.

What was the aim of Wang et al's study?

To investigate the relationship between the dimensions of acculturation and positive psychological functioning.

What were the key results of Wang et al's study?

Bi-cultural students had higher self-esteem, lower depression, and lower anxiety.

Who where the participants in Becker et al?

1995: 2 groups of fijian girls aged 17. 1998: another group

What was effect of prolonged exposure to tv on attitudes to eating and eating behaviours in Fijian Adolescent girls in Becker et al?

Investigate effect of prolonged exposure to TV on attitudes to eating and eating behaviours in Fijian Adolescent girls

What did standardize test revealed of japanese uni students in Norasakkunkit and Uchida's study?

Standardized test to see if they were high or low risk for hikikomori

What was Local culture may alienate some japanese youth leads to in Norasakkunkit and Uchida?

Local culture may alienate some japanese youth, not conforming to japanese society but not identifying with globalised society, leads to social withdrawal

What's the definition of Confederate?

An actor who participates in a psychological experiment pretending to be a subject but in actuality working for the researcher

What's the definition of Content analysis?

A method used to analyze qualitative data in which the research looks for "themes" or trends that emerge from the data.

What's the definition of Covert observation?

A type of participant observation in which the identity of the researcher, the nature of the research project, and the fact that participants are being observed are concealed from those who are being studied.

What's the definition of Cross-sectional design?

Comparing two or more groups on a particular variable at a specific time. The opposite is a longitudinal design where the researcher measures a change in an individual over time.

What's the definition of Longitudinal study?

Research over a period of time using observations, interviews, or psychometric testing. (Similar to a repeated measures design in an experiment).

What's the definition of Meta-analysis?

Pooling data from multiple studies of the same research question to arrive at one combined answer.

What's the aim of Milner HM study?

Study the role of the hippocampus in memory formation.

What kinds of memory could HM not acquire?

He couldn’t acquire new episodic memory (memory of events) and semantic memory (general knowledge)

What is the aim of Landry and Bartling?

Investigate if articulatory suppression would influence the recall of words

What was the aim of Bartletts study?

Investigate how memory of a story is affected by previous knowledge

Schemas are cognitive structures that are derived from?

Schemas are cognitive structures that are derived from prior experience and knowledge.

hat was the aim of Englich and Mussweilers study?

Determine the effect of prosecutor’s suggestion for sentencing on the decision making of a judge

To investigate whether high levels of cortisol could interfere with verbal declarative memory?

NewcomerTo investigate whether high levels of cortisol could interfere with verbal declarative memory?

Who Study whether the brains of London taxi drivers were different than other people due to the requirements of their job?

Maguire

Part of the limbic system, this part of the brain is believed to play a key role in emotion and memory?

Amygdala

Genetic vulnerability?

An underlying inherited susceptibility - that is, the theory that you may have genes that may make you more likely to have certain traits if those genes are exposed to the appropriate environmental stressors.

Which model that show that environmental and social risk factors play a role in negative mental and physical health outcomes?

Vulnerability models

Wasn’t able to remember a number without?

Constant rehearsal

Social Penetration Theory arguments is that close relationships?

close relationships are formed by a gradual process of self-disclosure

A complex set of interactions between two parts of the brain?

HPA axis

The closer also had what about the memory?

more specific details about it

Who argues that schemas are cognitive structures that are derived from prior experience and knowledge?

Englich and Mussweiler

The Amygdala has what in its section?

significant number of dopamine receptors.

Who proposed that memory consisted of three stores?

Multi-Store Model.

What is localization of function?

The theory that specific behaviors may have their origin in specific parts of the brain.

The theory that short-term memory is not a single store but rather consists of a number of different stores?

Working memory model.

People see a relationship between two variables even when there is none?

Illusory correlation

Diathesis-stress model attempts to explain?

a disorder as the result of an interaction between a predisposition and stress caused by life experiences

What is prospective research?

A study that attempts to find a correlation between two variables by collecting data early in the life of participants and then continuing to test them over a period of time to measure change and development.

What were the discussion recorded for among what couple?

married for the first time

Whos high intensity negative affect (defensiveness, contempt) predicted divorce?

Husband and wife

Married for 15-20 months where and who's?

mostly white american couples

Who measure correlations between attributions and marital satisfaction?

Fincham

What are protective factors?

conditions or attributes in individuals, families, or the larger society that, when present, lessen or eliminate the risk of mental disorders

What are risk factors?

conditions or attributes in individuals, families, or the larger society that, when present, increase the risk of mental disorders

the rate at which symptoms return after treatment has been discontinued?

Relapse rate

What is SSRIs?

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - the most famous of which is Prozac. SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin by the terminal buttons, leaving more in the synapse.

Describe Sick role bias?

One of the key obstacles to objective and valid diagnosis. When a person comes to a clinic to seek assistance, it is assumed that there is a problem and the psychiatrist needs to find out what it is. It is possible that the individual actually has no disorder