AP World- Unit 5 (revolutions) - 1750-1900

Enlightenment Revolution (from scientific revolution)

Rationalism, Empiricism, social contract, natural rights etc.

John Locke

life, liberty, and the right to property- gov can’t take away natural rights

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often leading to the assertion of sovereignty and the desire for self-governance.

MUST KNOW DOCS

Declaration of Independence-

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen-

A letter from Jamaica-

American Revolution-1776

tax/rearrangement of border lines post French and Indian War

template for other countries to get independence

enlightenment principles!

French Revolution- 1789

Third Estates/bourgeoisie - essentially the American Rev, but more violent

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Haitian Revolution- 1801

led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, enslaved Haitians revolted against French Rule (napolean)

Latin American Revolutions-1808

know Simon Bolivar and Letter from Jamaica- appealed to colonial subjects across racial lines with enlightenment ideals

against Spain

Unification of Germany

The process of consolidating various independent German states into a single nation-state, largely achieved by Otto von Bismarck through a series of wars and political maneuvers in the late 19th century.

industrialized

Industrial Revolution- mid-18th century

goods went from being made by hand to being made by machines

-waterways, distribution of coal, urbanization, improved agricultural productivity, legal protection of private property, accumulation of capital

The Factory System

Concentrated production in a single location and led to the specialization of labor (no more artisans)

Inventions to know

steam engines, internal combustion engine, fossil fuels, railroads, steamships, and telegraphs

France Industrialization

slower than Britain, still made significant progress in textile manufacturing and infrastructure development, particularly in railroads and canals. (lacked coal/iron)

U.S. Industrialization

super fast, similar to Britain, very prosperous

Russia Industrialization, STATE-DRIVEN

Trans-Siberian RR, steam engine, poor worker conditions (top-down)

Japan’s Industrialization- Meiji Restoration

U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry

• aggressive state sponsored industrialization after Japanese Civil war in 1868

• overthrew Shogun, new emperor instated

• borrowed from West

Ottomans/Egypt Tanzimat Reforms- “The Sick Man of Europe”

Industrial Projects, Agriculture, and Tariffs

• textile factories, western-style govern, education (Young Ottomans - wanted reforms, versus Young Turks (no reforms)

Didn’t work b/c of British involvement in area

Second Industrialization- 1850’s

Oil, more chemicals, steel, chemicals, and electricity

Adam Smith

argued for Laissez-faire capitalism, and no mercantilism

free-market system - The Wealth of Nations

Transnational Businesses

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporations (helped with managing British money during Opium Wars)

Unilever Corporation (joint company by British and Dutch that manufactured household goods, like soap)

Response to Industrialization

• Political Reforms

• social reforms

• educational reforms

Creation of labor unions

Karl Marx

Capitalism is unstable by Nature bc of class divisions

Bourgeoisie (owns the mean of production) and Proletariat (exploited by the Bourgeoisie)

Socialism/communism

Opium Wars in Qing China

unfair trade relations with British, China defeated by British

• illegal opium trade

led to the carving of China into spheres of influence

Self-strengthening- China’s Industrialization

Reforms that took to modernize China and recharge its culture

half-hearted by Chinese conservatives

Social Effects of Industrialization

• creation of classes, like the middle class

• increased standard of living

• women in there own sphere, cult of domesticity

• Pollution, housing shortages, and increased crime