BMS 302 Part 2

antigen

molecule capable of inducing an immune response

antibody

bivalent protein formed by B lymphocytes in response to exposure to a foreign substance

antigen-antibody complex

interaction of an antigen and antibody (immune complexes)

blood group system

group of related RBC antigens

packed cells

cells only, no plasma

Type A antigen and antibodies

A antigen

B antibody (anti-B)

Type B antigen and antibodies

B antigen

A antibody (anti-A))

Type O antigen and antibodies

no antigen present

both a and b antibodies (Anti-A and Anti-B)

Type AB antigen and antibodies

Both A and B antigens

no a or b antibody

Antibodies a and b are called naturally occurring antibodies because:

they are the result of natural exposure to substances in our environment during the first few months of our life.

they form naturally in anyone who does not have the corresponding antigen on the surface of their red cells.

Naturally occurring antibodies

are stimulated by exposure to lipopolysaccharides with a chemical structure similar to that of the A and B antigens.

If cells to be typed are mixed with Anti-A typing serum and agglutination occurs, what can you conclude about the type of antigen(s) present on the cell's surface?

A antigen

If the cells are mixed with Anti-A typing serum and agglutination does not occur, what conclusion can be made?

no A antigen

If cells to be typed are mixed with Anti-B typing serum and agglutination occurs, what can you conclude about type(s) of antigen present on the cell's surface?

B antigen

If the cells are mixed with Anti-B typing serum and agglutination does not occur, what conclusion can be made?

no B antigen

A serum has

B antibody

Anti-A serum has

A antibody

B serum has

A antibody

Anti-B serum has

B antibody

If cells to be typed are mixed with Anti-Rh typing serum and agglutination occurs, what conclusion can you make about the antigen(s) present on the cell's surface?

Rh antigen

If the cells are mixed with Anti-Rh typing serum and agglutination does not occur, what conclusion can be made?

no Rh antigen

An Rh negative man is tested and shown to have Rh antibodies. How do you explain this?

He received an Rh positive blood transfusion at some time in his life.

A Rh negative woman delivers a baby with Rh positive blood. This baby will suffer from erythroblastosis fetalis only if:

the mother previously delivered an Rh positive baby and did not receive RhoGam.

Which of the following individuals will have Rh antibodies?

1. an Rh negative individual who has received a transfusion of Rh positive blood

2. a Rh negative woman who has delivered a Rh positive child and not received a RhoGam injection

medical strategies associated with erythroblastosis fetalis

1. fluorescent lights- destroys light-sensitive bilirubin before it can cause damage to the nervous system

2. exchange transfusion- removes infant's antibody-coated cells and replaces them with cells that will not agglutinate and ultimately produce more bilirubin

3. RhoGam injection- Rh antibodies given to mother within 72 hours of delivery

Type A homozygous genotype

IA IA

Type A heterozygous genotype

IA i

Type B homozygous genotype

IB IB

Type B heterozygous genotype

IB i

Type AB genotype

IA and IB

Type O genotype

I i

Rh positive homo genotype

Rh Rh

Rh positive hetero genotype

Rh rh

A child with an AB positive blood type has a mother whose blood type is A negative. The baby's father blood type is most likely:

either B+ or AB+

Blood is drawn into a test tube from a person with Type A blood. After clotting, the cells are discarded and the remaining liquid, which is __________ contains ___________.

serum; B antibodies

List the three rules of blood typing.

1. antigens are on the cell; antibodies are in the serum or plasma

2. agglutination only occurs in the presence of both the antigen and its corresponding antibody

3. the antigens on the RBC determine the blood type

Which of the following combinations of red blood cells and serum would give an agglutination reaction? (The blood samples are from individuals who have never received a blood transfusion or been pregnant.)

Type A negative cells with Type B positive serum

The following results are observed when unknown cells and serum are mixed with known serum and cells. Determine the ABO blood type of the unknown sample.

Mixture #1: A serum + unknown cells = no agglutination

Mixture #2: B serum + unknown cells = no agglutination

Mixture #3: A cells + unknown serum = agglutination

Mixture #2: B cells + unknown serum = agglutination

Type O

(no B antigen in mix 1 and no A antigen in mix 2)

The correct sequence of the wave of depolarization that passes through the heart is:

1 = atrioventricular (AV) node

2 = sinoatrial (SA) node

3 = Purkinje fibers

4 = bundle of His

5 = bundle branches

2,1,4,5,3

A resting membrane potential of -85 mV means that

the inside of the cell is more negative with respect to the outside of the cell.

During membrane depolarization, ______move _____ the cell through _____.

Na+, into, voltage gated channels

During membrane repolarization, _____ move _____ the cell through _____.

K+, out of, voltage gated channels

functional syncytium

mass of cells that function as one

pacemaker cell

cells capable of spontaneously depolarizing

ectopic pacemaker

pacemaker cell located in an unexpected site

isoelectric line

baseline for an ECG

intercalated discs

anatomical structure responsible for spread of wave of depolarization from cell to cell in cardiac tissue

exoskeleton, fibrotendinous rings

anatomical structure that prevents the spreading of action potentials directly from the atrial myocardium to the ventricular myocardium

Which type of cardiac cells demonstrate slow response action potentials?

1. SA node

2. AV node

3. ectopic pacemaker cells

Which type of cardiac cells demonstrate fast response action potentials?

1. Bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers

2. atrial muscle cells

3. ventricular muscle cells

Which of the following can serve as pacemaker cells in the heart?

1. SA node

2. AV node

3. ectopic pacemaker cells

The intracellular concentrations of _____ are greater than the extracellular concentrations in both pacemaker and non-pacemaker cells.

K+

The extracellular concentrations of _____ are greater than the intracellular concentrations in both pacemaker and non-pacemaker cells.

Na+ and Ca++

Which of the following statements best describe the movement of Na+ across the membrane during the prepotential stage of slow response action potentials.

Na+ diffuses slowly from the outside to the inside through leakage channels.

Which of the following statements best describe the movement of K+ across the membrane during the prepotential stage of slow response action potentials?

K+ has reduced permeability for diffusing from the inside to the outside

Which of the following statements best describe the movement of Ca++ across the membrane during the prepotential stage of slow response action potentials?

Ca++ diffuses slowly from the outside to the inside through leakage channels.

During depolarization phase of slow response action potentials:, Na+:

is not involved in slow response action potential depolarization

During depolarization phase of slow response action potentials:, K+:

is not involved in slow response action potential depolarization

During depolarization phase of slow response action potentials:, Ca++:

diffuses rapidly from the outside to the inside of the cell

During repolarization of slow response action potentials, Na+:

is not involved in slow response action potential repolarization

During repolarization of slow response action potentials, K+:

diffuses rapidly from the inside to the outside of the cell

During repolarization of slow response action potentials, Ca++:

is not involved in slow response action potential repolarization

Which of the following best describes the role of Na+ movement through leakage channels at the resting membrane potential prior to a fast response action potential?

Na+ has limited permeability during resting membrane potential.

Which of the following best describes the role of K+ movement through leakage channels at the resting membrane potential prior to a fast response action potential?

K+ diffuses from the inside to the outside through leakage channels.

Which of the following best describes the role of Ca++ movement through leakage channels at the resting membrane potential prior to a fast response action potential?

Ca++ is not involved in development of the resting membrane potential.

During depolarization of fast response action potentials, Na+:

diffuses rapidly from the outside to the inside of the cell

During depolarization of fast response action potentials, K+:

is not involved in fast response action potential depolarization

During depolarization of fast response action potentials, Ca++:

is not involved in fast response action potential depolarization

During the plateau phase of fast response action potentials, Na+:

 

is not involved in fast response action potential plateau phase

During the plateau phase of fast response action potentials, K+:

diffuses from the inside to the outside of the cell

During the plateau phase of fast response action potentials, Ca++:

diffuses slowly from the outside to the inside of the cell

During repolarization of fast response action potentials, Na+:

is not involved in fast response action potential repolarization

During repolarization of fast response action potentials, K+:

  diffuses rapidly from the inside to the outside of the cell

During repolarization of fast response action potentials, Ca++:

 

is not involved in fast response action potential repolarization

During the prepotential stage of slow response action potentials, the membrane potential becomes ____ negative on the inside with respect to the outside.

less

Increasing the prepotential slope _____ the rate of spontaneous depolarizations of pacemaker cells, while decreasing the prepotential slope _____the rate of spontaneous depolarizations of pacemaker cells.

increases, decreases

Distinguish between the steepness of the prepotential slope associated with pacemakers cells found in the the S-A node and the slope of the prepotential of pacemaker cells found in the the A-V node. Pacemaker cells in S-A node have a _______ slope than pacemaker cells in A-V node and therefore have a ______ rate of spontaneous depolarization.

steeper, faster

An electrocardiogram is a record of:

1. electrical impulse conduction through the heart.

2. extracellular recording of the sum of all the electrical activity of the heart over time

P wave

atrial depolarization

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

The frontal bipolar ECG Lead II most represents the direction of the wave of depolarization through the heart because the negative electrode is on the ______ and the positive electrode is on the ______.

right arm; left leg

Einthoven's Law states that

 

Lead I + Lead III = Lead II

increased p wave duration

damaged atrial cells as the result of ischemia

increased PR interval

interference with conduction between SA node and Purkinje fibers

increased QRS duration

non-simultaneous activation of ventricles

decreasing the heart rate _____ QT interval.

increase

Increasing the heart rate _____ cycle length.

decreases

Which of the following conditions are or can be associated with a left mean electrical axis deviation?

1. left ventricular hypertrophy

2. systemic hypertension

3. obesity

4. pregnancy

Which of the following conditions are associated with a right mean electrical axis deviation?

1. right ventricular hypertrophy

2. pulmonary hypertension

atrioventricular block

impairment of conduction between the SA node and the Purkinje system

bundle branch block

impairment of conduction through the bundle branches, ventricles activate at different times

atrioventricular block

prolonged PR interval

bundle branch block

prolonged QRS complex