proximity in time

sounds that occur in rapid succession usually come from the same source

Auditory Space

surrounds an observer and exists wherever there is sound

Azimuth coordinates

sound localization positioned left to right

Elevation Coordinates

sound localization positioned up and down

Distance Coordinates

sound localization positioned from observer

Where sound localization is most accurate

In front !

Location cues are contained in the receptor cells

False

Binaural cues

cues to sound location that involve both ears working together

interaural time difference (ITD)

the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other

Interaural level difference (ILD)

the difference in level (intensity/loudness) between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other

What is an acoustic shadow?

The shadow created by the head that decreases the level of high-frequency sounds on the opposite side of the head (doesn't occur for low-frequency sounds).

What is the basis of the localization cue of interaural level difference?

The acoustic shadow.

cone of confusion

region in the space around you where sounds originating from different locations can produce identical auditory cues, making it difficult for the brain to accurately locate the source of the sound.

monaural cue

cue to sound location that requires just one ear

What affects the intensities and frequencies of sound information in one ear?

Pinna and Head

What sound differences do ILD and ITD compare ?

Positional Differences (Azimuth)

spectral cues are

changes the volume across frequency spectra

Jeffress Neural Coincidence Model

Neurons are wired so they each receive signals from two ears

coincidence detectors

neurons that fire most when they receive input from both ears at the same time

primary auditory cortex (A1)

the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system, involved in locating sound

posterior belt area (P)

involved in locating sound; location of sound

anterior pathway (A)

involved in perceiving sound; identity of sound

direct sound

sound that reaches the listener's ears straight from the source

indirect sound

sound that is reflected off of environmental surfaces and then to the listener

more direct sound here

outside

more indirect sound here

inside

reverberation time

The time it takes for a sound produced in an enclosed space to decrease to 1/1,000th of its original pressure.

intimacy time

Time between when sound leaves its source and when the first reflection arrives. Best time is around 20 ms

bass ratio

ratio of low to middle frequencies reflected from surfaces
-high bass ratios are best

spaciousness factor

the fraction of all of the sound received by a listener that is indirect sound

auditory scene

the array of all sound sources in the environment

auditory scene analysis

process by which sound sources in the auditory scene are separated into individual perceptions

onset time

sounds that start at different times are likely to come from different sources

location

a single sound source tends to come from one single location and move continuously

similarity of timbre and pitch

similar sounds are grouped together

Timbre

quality of sound

Precedence effect

When sound is presented first in one speaker and then in the other, with enough time between them, they are heard separately, one after the other. (b) If there is only a short delay between the two sounds, then the sound is perceived to come from the lead speaker only.

fast alternation results in

segregation into high and low streams

Auditory continuity

sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are usually from the same source.

Visual capture or the ventriloquist effect

an observer perceives the sound as coming from the visual location rather than the source for the sound

The two-flash illusion

A single dot is flashed on the screen. When the dot is flashed once but is accompanied by two beeps, the subject perceives two flashes