Immunology Exam I

White blood cells, barriers, and the complement system

What make up the "innate" division of immunity?

Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion

What are the four steps of phagocytosis?

B cells, T cells, and antibodies

What are the main components of adaptive immunity?

Agglutination

What process done by antibodies reduces the number of infectious microbes to be dealt with by grouping them together?

Neutralization

What process is done to block adhesion of the microbe to mucosa of the cell by coating them with antibodies?

Lymph nodes and spleen

What are the major secondary lymphatic organs?

Red pulp

What part of the spleen recycles red blood cells?

Edward Jenner

Who created the first vaccine to challenge small pox virus with cow pox?

Humoral immunity

What part of immunity deals with antibodies?

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

What do cells of the innate immune system use to identify the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens?

Complement system

What part of innate immunity is composed of a group of serum proteins made by the liver that take one of three pathways of activation?

Classical

What pathway of the complement system is initiated by antibody (IgG or IgM) binding?

C1qrs complex

When this compound is bound in the classical activation pathway of the complement system, C4 is cleaved into C4 a and C4 b, and C2 is cleaved into respective a and b units; what is the compound that binds?

C4b2a

What binds to the cell surface in the classical and lectin activation pathway and is often called C3 convertase?

C3 convertase

What molecule of the classical activation pathway cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b?

C3b

What is combined with C3 convertase in the classical and lectin pathway to form C5 convertase?

C4b2a3b

What is another name for C5 convertase in the classical and lectin activation pathway?

Lectin pathway

What pathway uses MBL's and MASP for activation?

MASP

What binds to an MBL and then cleaves C4 and C2 into A and B units to form C3 convertase in the lectin pathway?

C3bBb

What is the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway?

Factor D

What cleaves factor B after it is bound to activated C3b in the alternative activation pathway?

Properdin

What protein stabilizes C3 convertase in the alternative activation pathway, which allows the convertase to cleave many more C3 proteins?

C3bBbC3b (C5 convertase)

After C3b binds to C3 convertase in the alternative pathway, what is formed?

C5 convertase

Where do all three component pathways of activation converge?

MAC (membrane attack complex)

After the activation of C5 convertase in all three pathways, what is then initiated to "poke" holes in the cell membrane of the microbial cell?

CR1

Because C3b is a good opsonin, it binds to what receptors on leukocytes and erythrocytes?

Granulocytes

If C3 or C5 bind to ____________, they stimulate the release of pro inflammatory mediators from basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils?

Protectin

What protein inhibits the membrane attack complex?

C9

What protein is inhibited in the membrane attack complex by protectin?

C3 convertase

Where do the lectin and classical component system pathways converge?

Classical

IgG and IgM activate the complement system via the activation of which pathway?

Epitopes (antigen determinant)

What is the part of an antigen that comes in contact with an antibody?

Stem (constant region of heavy chain)

What portion of the antibody is used to identify different classes?

4

How many polypeptide chains make up an antibody?

2 each

How many heavy chains and light chains make up an antibody?

GAMED (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD)

What are the five antibody classes?

4

How many subclasses of IgG are there?

IgG

What is the predominant antibody in blood serum?

IgA

What is the most abundant antibody in the body and has secretory purposes into the GI tract, saliva, and mucous?

IgA

What antibody is expressed in dimeric form?

IgM

What antibody is expressed as a pentamer?

IgM

What is the predominant antibody against red blood cell antigens?

IgM

What is the first antibody produced in response to a new antigen?

IgE

What antibody binds to mast cells and basophils, releases histamines, and functions well against allergies?

IgG

What antibody can cross the placenta?

IgM or IgD

What two classes of antibodies are the antigen receptors?

Memory or plasma cell

What are the two fates of a B cell?

Plasma cell

What type of b cell constantly produces antibodies?

VDJ

What are the variable regions on the heavy chain of an antibody?

VJ

What are the variable regions on the light chain of an antibody?

2, L and K

How many constant "classes" make up the light chain, and what are they?

Junctional diversity

What is the specificity that results from either addition or removal of bases in an antibody?

Virgin

What are unactivated or immature B cells called?

Igalpha and Igbeta

What are the two subunits of that link to the cell membrane on an antibody B cell receptor in order to send signals inside the cell?

2

How many signals do the B cells need in order to become activated?

T-cell dependent

When a B cell is stimulated by the antigen and a helper T cell it is called what type of co-stimulation?

T-cell independent

When a B cell is stimulated by clustering the BCR's on an antigen, it is called what type of co-stimulation?

Class switching

What type of maturation change does a B cell do to change the class of antibody it produces?

Somatic hypermutation

When a B cell undergoes maturation it may mutate its BCR genes to produce greater affinity for its cognate antigen, this process is known as what?

2000

How many antibodies can be produced per second by a plasma cell?

Days

How long can a B plasma cell live?

Clonal selection

When an antigen binds to a B cell, it may undergo a replication process known as what?

HLA (human leukocyte antigen)

What is the MHC called in humans?

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

What types of cells function as APC's (antigen presenting cells)?

MHC I

Which MHC functions to show proteins within the cell?

MHC II

Which MHC functions to show proteins outside of the cell?

MHC I

Which MHC has 2 polypeptide chains, one larger than the other, and uses Beta 2 micro globulin?

MHC II

Which MHC has two equal polypeptide chains?

Proteasomes

What function to chew up cellular proteins in order to be placed on an MHC?

TAP1 and TAP2

What transports viral protein fragments to the ER to be placed on MHC I?

Anchored at the ends with no overlap

How is a peptide present on an MHC I receptor?

Killer T cell (CTL)

What type of T cell binds to MHC I?

Helper T cell

What type of T cell binds MHC II?

Invariant chain protein

What protects the binding area of MHC II while in an endosome?

Overlapping on both ends, anchored in the center

How are peptides bound to MHC II?

B7 (CD80)

What is the costimulatory protein on the APC that binds to CD28 of the T cell?

CD28

What is the costimulatory protein on the T cell that binds to B7 (CD80) of the APC?

Chemical signals or recognition of pathogens

What activates a dendritic cell?

Cytokines

What activates macrophages?

Restimulation of T cells

What do activated macrophages work best at?

Virgin T cells

Activated Dendritic cells like to activate what other cells?

Cross presentation

What is it called when a MHC II takes proteins from outside the cell and places them on MHC I in order to activate killer T cells?

CD4

What is the coreceptor on the surface of a helper T cell?

CD8

What is the coreceptor on the surface of a killer T cell?

CD40

What protein is another co-stimulatory receptor on the surface of the APC?

CD40L

What protein is another costimulatory receptor on the surface of T cells?

Natural Killer

What type of T cell functions to recognize lipid antigens present by the non traditional MHC, CD1?

Thymus and bone marrow

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Selectin

What molecule triggers a neutrophil to start rolling?

SLIG

What molecule on the capillaries binds the rolling selectin emitting neutrophil?

Integrin

Once activated, what does a neutrophil express on its surface?

ICAM

What does the integrin on the neutrophil bind to on the endothelial surface that tells it to stop?

Perforin

What mechanism of killing by the natural killer cells pokes holes in the target cell membrane and injects enzymes causing the target to die?

Fas Ligand

What must a natural killer cell present to the Fas protein on a target cell to trigger the target cell to commit suicide?

MHC I

Presence of what on a target host cell blocks the natural killer cell's mechanism?

Defensin

What antimicrobial molecule disrupts membranes of bacteria?

Lactoferrin

What antimicrobial molecule binds and sequesters iron, limiting growth of bacteria and fungi?

Lysozyme

What antimicrobial molecule cleaves glycosidic bonds of peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria?

Hapten

What is a molecule too small to create an immune response, but when combined with a carrier it creates an immune response?

Fab

What portion of the antibody does an antigen bind to?