Ch.5 Us History

borderlands

Places where two or more nations or societies border each other, and where power is dispersed among competing actors, resulting in fluid social relations, hybrid cultures, and the absence of firmly agreed sovereignty.

paxton boys

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment’s lenient policies toward Native Americans.

regulator movement

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite.

south carolina slave revold

Uprising, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River.

triangular trade

Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies.

new york slave revolt

Uprising of approximately two dozen enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks.

arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God’s grace.

molasses act

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies.

great awakening

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality.

old lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

new lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

poor richard’s almanack

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

zenger trial

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

royal colonies

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king.

proprietary colonies

Colonies—Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware—under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors.

jacobus arminius

Dutch theologian who rejected predestination, preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God’s grace and was open to all, not just the elect.

jean de crevecoeur

French settler whose essays depicted life in the North American colonies and described what he saw as a new American identity—an amalgam of multiple ethnicities and cultures.

jonathan edwards

New England minister whose fiery sermons helped touch off the First Great Awakening. Edwards emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that salvation could be attained through God’s grace alone.

phillis wheatley

African American poet who overcame the barriers of slavery to publish two collections of her poems.

john singleton copley

Massachusetts-born artist best known for his portraits of prominent colonial Americans, including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

george whitefield

Itinerant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audiences and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening.

john peter zenger

New York printer tried for seditious libel against the state’s corrupt royal governor.

john trumbull

Connecticut-born painter who traveled to England to pursue his artistic ambitions. Best known for his depictions of key events in the American Revolution, including the signing of the Declaration of Independence.