Biology Final (Scientific Literacy, Ecology, Energy)

What are the six characteristics of life?

\-respond to environment

\-grow and develop

\-reproduction

\-maintain homeostasis or keeping things constant

\-complex chemistry

\-cells

responding to the environment

It means to detect changes in an environment. For example: stepping on a turtle (the turtle will move)

reproduction

Producing offspring, asexually (an exact copy of organism) or sexually (different)

maintaining homeostasis/keeping things constant

keeping things relatively stable on the inside regardless of the conditions around them

For example: humans maintain a stable internal body temperature

complex chemistry

Consisting of large, complex molecules and undergo many complicated chemical changes to stay alive

For example: metabolism

ecology

The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment

lag phase

slow population growth due to low number of individuals to mate

exponential phase

plenty of resources and mates lead to rapid growth

carrying capacity

the maximum number of of individuals an ecosystem can hold

Parasitism

a relationship between two organism where one is benefitted and one is harmed

Commensalism

a relationship between two organisms where one is benefitted and the other is not harmed nor benefitted

Mutualism

a relationship between two organisms where both are benefitted

What is the food pyramid with each trophic level?

\-quaternary consumers (carnivores)

\-tertiary consumers (carnivores)

\-secondary consumers (carnivores)

\-primary consumers (herbivores)

\-primary producers (plants)

niche partitioning

one species will naturally be better suited to a niche and the other will adapt to occupy a slightly different niche

Competitive exclusion

One species will naturally be better suited to a niche and cause the other species to decline and go extinct

Keystone species

A species that has a huge effect on the biodiversity of its ecosystem

How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next?

10%

What do animals use the rest of the 90% of energy for?

* Homeostasis (breathing)
* Moving
* Dying

What determines global climate patterns?

Input of solar energy and the planet’s movement in space

Why do equatorial regions get hotter?

They receive sunlight more directly

Why are equatorial regions moister?

Ascending moist air releases moisture doldrums. The sun makes all the water evaporate and that causes heavy rainfall.

How are deserts created/found?

The dry air goes away from the equator created dry deserts. They are found away from the equator.

What is the most distinguishing feature for each of the biomes?

Temperature and precipitation

What are the 9 biomes?

* desert
* Tropical rainforest
* Taiga
* Deciduous forest
* Savana
* Grassland
* Arctic tundra
* Alpine tundra
* Chaparral

What are 3 ways organisms could divide or partition a niche so there is no exclusion?

* compete for different food sources
* Forage at different times
* Forage in different areas

trophic cascade

happens when keystone species have an indirect impact has a positive influence on organisms for outside of its own food chain.

For example: Wolves positively affect elk, grass, trees, birds, beavers, and more

What are the building blocks of all living things?

The four macromolecules

* carbohydrates
* Proteins
* Nucleic acids
* Lipids

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

Provides the body with glucose

What is the purpose of nucleic acid

Stores energy

What is the purpose of lipids?

energy source, genes, dna

Photosynthesis

Process where plants transform light energy and reactants into chemical energy that can be sued to do work

Cellular respiration

Something organisms use to obtain chemical energy needed

What is aerobic cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration using oxygen

What is anaerobic cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration without oxygen

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O + ATP

How is energy transformed in photosynthesis?

1) light (kinetic)

2) electrons (chemical)

3) proton gradient (potential)

4) moving protons (kinetic)

5) ATP (chemical)

What happens one the thylakoid creates its end product?

It will be used in the calvin cycle (LIR)

Where does the calvin cycle take place?

Stroma

What is the first step of LDR?

UV rays from the sun hit the pigments in photosystem 2 which causes water to split.

What is the second step of LDR?

The electrons are energized by light energy from the sun

What is the third step of LDR?

Electrons are captured by electron carries

What is the fourth step of LDR?

Electrons are passed from acceptor to acceptor like a relay race. As this occurs, the electrons are loosing energy

What is the fifth step of LDR?

The energy from the electrons is used to pull H+ from the stroma into the lumen.

What is the sixth step of LDR?

a proton gradient is created in the lumen

What is the seventh step of LDR?

The protons are under enormous pressure to esacpe

What is the eighth step of LDR?

The protons escape by rapidly moving through the enzyme ATP synthase

What is ATP synthase?

The enzyme that makes ATP

What is the ninth step of LDR

The moving protons are used to spin the turbine in ATP synthase

What is the tenth step in LDR

The spinning turbine is used to add a phosphate to ADP, making ATP

What is the 11th step in LDR?

The electrons are received by photosystem 1 where they are re-energized by light

What is the 12th step in LDR

Newly energized electrons are passed along 3 electron carries and then loaded onto NADP+ to make NADPH

What is the 13th step in LDR?

Now the ATP and NADPH will carry usable energy from the thylakoid to the stroma to be used in the calvin cycle

What is the first step of the calvin cycle?

5C sugar is combined with CO2 by the enzyme RuBisCo to produce a 6C sugar, which is very unstable

2nd step of calvin cycle?

The 6c sugars breaks into two 3c units

3rd step of calvin cycle?

The energy from ATP and the electrons from NADPH are then used to rearrange 3c units

4th step in calvin cycle?

The carbon reorganizer is a series of reactions that reforms the 5c sugars and sets aside 1 carbon to be used in glucose

5th step in calvin cycle?

The cycle must occur 6 times to produce glucose

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

To convert energy stored in glucose C6H12O6 to energy in the form of ATP

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis (no oxygen needed)

Where is the glycolysis located

cytoplasm

What is the purpose glycolysis?

Splits glucose into 2 pyruvates

What is second step in cellular respiration?

the kreb cycle

Where is the kreb cycle located?

Matrix of mitochondria

What is the purpose of the kreb cycle?

Pyruvate’s broken down to acquire electrons

What is the third step of cellular respiration?

Electron transport chain

Where is the ETC located?

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

What is the final electron acceptor in the chain is reduced to water

Oxygen

The electron transport chain yields how many ATP for each molecules of glucose

28 ATP

An experimenter is testing the effects of the drug Y on blood pressure.  Which of the following would be the independent variable?

* Heart Rate
* Blood pressure
* Amount of drug Y

Amount of drug Y

Another name for the independent variable is 

Manipulated

Another name for dependent variable is

Responding

What is the ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem?

Sun

What type of competition is between members **within** a species.

Intraspecies Competition

What type of energy is the energy of movement?

Kinetic

What type of energy is present because of an object's position or structure?

Potential

What type of energy is found in the bond between atoms of a larger molecule?

chemical

What type of reaction releases energy and involves breaking a larger molecule into smaller ones?

Exergonic

What molecule is the all purpose energy source for almost every reaction in a cell?

ATP

The goal of photosynthesis is to make glucose.  What are the two molecules of chemical energy that are made in the LDR so they can be used in the LIR to make glucose?

ATP and NADPH

Where do the Light Dependent Reactions (LDR) take place?

Thylakoid

What substance is able to absorb light energy?

Pigments and chlorophyll

Light energy is used to split water and then is first converted into what energy?

Energized electrons