,

Sigmund Freud

id ( inner child , impulsive side) ego( balances both impulse and conscious) , superego (the thought of doing something wrong)

sociogical perspective

our social backgrounds including other people's influence an individuals views,behaviors,and life chances

three responses to ethnocentrism

assimilation

accomodation

resistance

Sociology

the study of human society

sociological imagination

the ability to see the link between society and self

Four sociological perspectives

functionalism

conflict

internationalist

utilitarianism

Macro Perspective

assumes that society's larger structures shape individuals' interactions.

Micro Perspective

focuses on an individual meanings and interactions that individuals create

examples of how americans may not be as free as they think

Conflict Theory

a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources

interactionist perspective

focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society

Utilitarianism Theory

- People attempt to maximize personal benefits and minimize personal costs when interacting with others and when making decisions

- Social order is possible because individuals realize that it's in their best interest to cooperate with one another

Assumptions of Functionalism

- society is analogous to a living organism

- Society is a system of related social institutions that are highly integrated with one another

-Society has two primary goals: survive and "thrive"

- each social institution works to maintain the whole

Assumptions of Conflict Theory

competition, structural inequality, social change

Assumptions of Symbolic Interaction

consider immediate social interaction to be the place where "society" exists.

relies extensively on the symbolic meaning that people develop and rely on in the process of social interaction

emphasizes face-to-face interaction

analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on objects, events, and behaviors.

can help explain why people might do things that otherwise seem contrary to what one might expect.

Assumptions of Exchange Theory

People seek to rationally maximize their profits, behavior results in a reward is likely to be repeated -· more often reward is available the less valuable it is (think: supply and demand, more supply \= less valuable/"price"),

interactions operate within social norms, people access have information they need to make rational choices (debateable, but is assumed),

human fulfillment comes from other people (interdependence in social exchange), and standards people use to evaluate interaction changes over time (different from person to person - reward to one person can be punishment for another).

unit of analysis

The focus of sociological research, usually a person, an organization, or a geographical region.

indenpendent variable

a variable that is change by the experimenter.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

hypothesis

The classic steps by which scientific research is conducted, including the formulation of a hypothesis and the gathering and analysis of data.

random sample

A subset drawn from the larger population in which every unit in the population has the same chance of being included in the subset.

non-random sample

A sample in which not every member of the population has a chance of being selected.

five ways to gather data

surveys: cheaper and less time consuming controlling the environment

experiments \=

observations\= natural environments , time consuming can't generalize findings

interviews \= can generalize

secondary analysis of existing data

5 demographics sociologist look for

- age

- sex

- race

-education levels

- income levels

Two types of research methods

qualitative and quantitative

what is culture ?

The artifacts and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are part of any society

two types of cultures

material and nonmaterial

material culture

art,music,science, and technology

non-materical culture

vaules, norms, behaviors, and languages.

how does culture influence human behavior ?

Culture shapes the way we work and many other things. Culture also influences the way we view others and ourselves

why sociologists prefer cultural rather than biological explanations for human behavior?

behaviors differ across culture as well as within the same culture

different components of culture

symbols,languages,values,norms,

American Values

individualism(voting)

competition ( sports,elections, resources, businesses)

American work ethic ( long work hours compensation)

Subculture

a smaller cultural group within a larger culture

Counter Culture

a subculture which challenges the cultural values and norms of the dominant culture

Ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

cultural relativism

the ability to understand another culture on its own terms

Example of subculture

Amish

example of counterculture

KKK

Nature vs. Nurture

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

evidence of nature

Twin studies show the importance of nature

evidence of nurture

feral children

what can happen if one is not socialized properly?

It appears that our brains mature by stages ̈If we miss a stage, we are unable to progress further...

explain what role language plays in socialization

̈We cannot become linguistically competent if we don't learn language from adults by age of 8-9 years old

Anna and Genie

Involved lack of social contact and language

self

people's perception of their identity

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

sensorimotor(object performance), preoperational(taking the role of the other ), concrete operational(rule of convo), formal operational (adolescene)

Lawerence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Carol Gilligan

females think differently than males when it comes to moral reasoning

George Mead's Theory

He believes we are all products of the environments

Charles Cooley

Looking glass self: that a person's sense of self develops through interactions with others

We see ourselves as we think others see us

agents of socialization

the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society

examples of agents of socialization

peer groups, schools, the mass media and family

social consructionism

Peter Burger and Thomas Luckman

They believe our perception of reality is largely by the subject meaning that we give to our experience

Theory of Dramaturgy

A theory that views all interpersonal interaction as a theatrical play.

social group

a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence

aggregate

a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common

primary group vs secondary group

primary group: interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members

secondary group: interactions are superficial, with few emotional bonds (students working on group projects)

what is a social network

The totality of relationships that link us to other people and groups and through them to still other people and groups

why social networks are important

Obtaining advice

Employment opportunities

Medical care

instrumental leadership

group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks

expressive leadership

leadership that provides emotional support for members

authroitarian leadership

often criticized for fostering intergroup hostility

democratic leaders

praised for supportive behavior and blamed for being indecisive in a crisis