biology midterm

independent variable

variable being intentionally changed in an experiment

dependent variable

variable being measured, depends on the independent

control group

the group being used as a baseline for comparison

constants

factors kept the same across all groups

carbon

the primary skeleton for biomolecules

lipids

fats and oils that store energy and make up cell membranes 

proteins

there are proteins build and repair body structures, proteins called enzymes that speed up chemical reactions in the body, proteins that provide immune defense, and proteins that transport substances in and out of cells

carbohydrates

sugars and starches that provide energy 

nucleic acids

molecules that store genetic information

water polarity

water is polar because oxygen is slightly negative and hydrogen is slightly positive

cohesion

water molecules stick to each other, giving high surface tension

adhesion

water molecules stick to other substances, like when water clings to glass or plant walls

monomers

building blocks that link together to form polymers

proteins

there are enzymes that speed up reactions in the body, proteins that structurally support cells, proteins that provide immune defense, and proteins that transport substances around the body

lysosome

breaks down and recycles cellular waste

mitochondria

produces ATP

nucleus

stores genetic material

cell membrane

fluid mosaic model, selectively permeable (some substances can pass through, other s can’t)

passive transport

the movement of molecules with no energy required

active transport

molecules moving against the normal flow of diffusion, therefore using more energy

hypotonic

higher water concentration outside, cell gains mass

hypertonic,

higher solute concentration outside, cell loses mass

isotonic

equal concentration

light dependent reactions

captures energy from sunlight, occurs in the thylakoid membrane, produces oxygen and ATP from water

light independent reactions

occur in the stroma and produces glucose from carbon dioxide

chlorophyll

a molecule that absorbs light energy, found in chloroplasts, essential for photosynthesis

glycolysis

glucose (six carbons) is broken in half, (each half 3 carbons called pyruvate)

krebs cycle

produces a small amount of atp and other molecules to carry energy to the next part of respiration, and makes CO2 as waste

electron transport chain

final step in cellular respiration for ATP production, energy is moved through a chain of proteins, producing ATP.

fermentation

anaerobic process when oxygen is unavailable

ATP

primary energy currency of the cell

mitosis

the division of the cell nucleus and the DNA inside it

mitosis stages

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

prophase

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope diappears

metaphase

chomosomes align at the center

anaphase

chromosomes separate to opposite poles

telophase

chromosomes at poles, nuclear envelope reforms

cytokinesis

cytoplasm divides, forming two cells

cell cycle stages

G1, synthesis, G2

gap 1

cell growth

synthesis (S phase)

DNA replication

gap 2

preparation for division

ratio

smaller cells have more surface area compared to their volume, making it easier to quickly take in nutrients and get rid of waste.

why does carbon make up the skeleton of all biomolecules?

it has 4 positions to bind with other elements

order of the path followed for the production of proteins

nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, vesicle

how are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related?

its goal is to use the products of photosynthesis to create ATP

final receptor of electrons in the ETC

oxygen

why is DNA replicated before mitosis?

so that each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

pH scale

when are chromosomes surrounded by the nucleus

during prophase