PATHO EXAM 1 CHECKPOINTS

define pathphysiology

The study of functional and pathological changes in the body as a result of disease processes

define disease

when the body deviates from the normal function of any part, organ, system, or the overall well being

define homeostasis

maintenance of a relatively normal internal environment even when outside environment changes

define etiology

concerns the causative factors to a specific disease. the why

define diagnosis

the identification of a specific disease based on signs, symptoms, lab results, and other tools

define prognosis

the probability or likelyhood of recovery or another result

define signs

observable. can be measured. heart rate, blood pressure, fever, skin rash

define symptoms

subjective. how a patient feels. headache, nausea, fatigue

pathogenesis

the development of a disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes of a specific disease process

define acute disease

short term illness that develops quickly with markes signs like high fever (acute appendicits)

define chronic illness

long-term illness. Often milder and develops gradually,define but persists much longer and causes more tissue damage. (rheumatoid arthritis)

define remmission

a period where manifestations of a disease subside or go away completely may be permenant or temporary

define exacerbation

a worsening of the severity of a disease or its signs and symptoms

define sequelae

potential unwanted outcomes of of the primary condition (paralysis after stroke)

define incidence

the number of new cases in a given population with a time stamp

define prevalence

the number of new and old cases or existing cases within a given time period

define epidemic

when there are higher than expected numbers or an infectious disease with a given area

define pandemic

higher numbers of cases in many regions of the world

apoptosis

programmed cell death

necrosis

the result of one or more cells or even a portion of a tissue or organ dying that results on irreversible damage. not programmed

five common causes of cell damage

ischemia (lack of oxygen to a tissue or organ)

physical agents (excessively hot or cold, radiation)

mechanical damage (tearing of a tissue)

chemical toxins

microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites)

Atrophy vs Hypertrophy

atrophy refers to a decrease in cell size, resulting is less tissue mass. atrophy comes from reduced tissues use, insufficent nutrition, decreased neurological or hormonal stimulation, and aging

hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size, resulting in enlarged muscle mass. this occurs when additional workload is put on the muscles. this could be bad, like heart muscles having to work harder to pump blood, or good like skeletal muscles rowing due to consistent excercise

Hyperplasia vs Dysplasia

Hyperplasia occurs when there is an increased number of cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass. may occur simultaneously with hypertrophy like in pregnancy. it also may happen as compensation when there is an increase in the demands of cells, or may be pathogenic if there is a hormone imbalance.

Dysplasia occurs when cells in a tissue vary in shape and size. large nuclei may be present. The rate of mitosis is heightened. may be caused by a chronic condition or may be a precancerous marker

anaplasia vs dysplasia

anaplasia occurs when cells become undifferential (all the same basic cells) and dont look the same as the tissues healthy cells. they may have abnormal/variable nuclei and they divide rapidly. seen is most if not all maligenent tumors.

dysplasia= disordered growth but they still have structure

anaplasia= not the same form, lose all characteristics

metaplasia vs neoplasia

Metaplasia occurs when one cell type is replaced by another more mature cell to provide a more resistant tissue (SSE replaces ciliated columnar epithelium in the lungs of a smoker). Although they are stronger, they lose the specific functions.

Neoplasia means new growth, its commonly thought of as a tumor. either benign or maligenent, anaplasia is a feature of a malignent tumor, neoplasia is abnormal growth or the process of a tumor

pyroptosis vs apoptosis

pyroptosis is cell death that results in the lysis/ dissolution of the cell. this releases destructive lysosomal enzymes into the body resulting in inflammation (reddness, swelling, and pain ) it also damages nearby cells and impairs function

cells killed by apoptosis are destroyed by phagocytosis and do not cause any sort of damage . pyroptosis only occurs if there is infection or severe stress

liquefaction necrosis

when dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes. this occurs when brain tissue dies, or in certain bacterial infections when a cavity or ulcer develops in an infected area

coagulation necrosis

when cells die, but their shape remains for a period of time after death. cell proteins are altered or denatured, but cells retain some form. common after mycardial infarction

caseous necrosis

a type of coagulation necrosis where a thick, yellow, cheesy substance forms. seen in TB where a granuloma forms w caseous necrosis inside

gangrene

an area of necrotic tissue that is assosiated w lack of oxygen or blood supply, then is invaded by a bacterial infection. necrotic tissue is a breeding ground for bacteria because it is lacking blood supply and nutrients. wet gangrene happens after liquification necrosis. dyr gangrene happens after coagulation necrosis, gas gangrene is caused by a buildup of gas in tissue. gangrene must be removed surgically to stop the spread of infections

what are the 3 stages of the research process in health sciences

1. basic science stage, where scientists work to develop technologies to limit or prevent disease processes. usually in a lab with animals or cell cultures

2. invovles a small number of human subjects to see if the treatment is safe for humans

   1. only takes place if the last two stages have positive results. barley make it to this stage. if they do, lots of people with or at risk of the disease they will be put in a clinical trial. clinical trials are usually double blind studies where neither the subject nor the administrator knows whether the subject in injected with the standard treatment or the tested one.

how does pathophysiology help health professionals when taking a patients medical history

lots of information is revealed in a patients medical history. Understanding pathophysiology and how and why the body responds to disease processes can change how a hcp goes about treating a patient, not understanding how conditions change the body may creeate complications, issues, or the inability to fix a problem that could have been avoided if the hcp was informed, for a example a person with respiratory disease would have difficulty breathing in a supine position. something a hcp would only know fif they understood the pathophysiology of respitory diseaseus

use rheumatoid arthritis to explain chronic disease, and exacerbation

rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease where the immune system attacks the joints and causes pain. it doesnt go away and lasts for long periods of time. the symptoms may become les active at times (remission). joint swelling will go down. on the flip side, exacerbation occurs when syptoms are more severs and joints become more swollen and painful

ischemia and its roll in myocardial infarction and necrosis

ischemia occurs when tissues do not get the regular supply of oxygenated blood and its nutrients. Ischemia leads to hypoxia. if the tissue dies it becomes an infarction. infarction in the heart means that part of the heart will no longer help pump blood. the dead cells form coagulation necrosis because the heart cells dont undergo mitosis. with a lack of blood and nutrients they cannot be removed

primary prevention and examples

protect healthy people for a disease

• receiving a vaccine

• education people on the importance of exercise

secondary prevention and examples

prevents if a person has serious risk factors that are already present

• taking asprin after a heart attack

  • regular screening someone for a disease with known risk factors

tertiary prevention and example

participating in cardio rehab after a heart attack