Vocabulary

Benchmark (n) /ˈbentʃmɑːrk/

A standard or point of reference used for comparison in assessing performance or quality.

ex: Tests at the age of seven provide a benchmark against which the child's progress at school can be measured.

Preemptive (adj) /priːˈemptɪv/

Acting in anticipation to prevent an event or action. It often involves taking measures before a potential problem arises, aiming to mitigate risks.

ex: Preemptive therapy

substitute (n) /ˈsʌbstɪtuːt/

An entity that takes the place of another, often used in contexts such as education or product replacement.

Ex: The course teaches you the theory but there's no substitute for practical experience.

impending (adj) /ɪmˈpendɪŋ/

About to happen; imminent. Having an event looming in the near future, often causing anxiety or concern.

ex:

• his impending retirement

• warnings of impending danger/disaster

Preliminary (adj) /prɪˈlɪmɪneri/

Serving as a precursor; introductory or preparatory to something more significant.

ex: After a few preliminary remarks he announced the winners.

isolated (adj) /ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd/

Separated from others; alone or remote. Often refers to individuals, communities, or phenomena that are distanced from a larger group.

ex: isolated rural areas

implication (n) /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/

a possible effect or result of an action or a decision

Ex:They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions.

something that is suggested or indirectly stated (= something that is implied)

Ex: I resent the implication that I don't care about my father.

prime (adj) /praɪm/

Main or of primary importance; fundamental.

ex: My prime concern is to protect my property.

confer (n) /kənˈfɜːr/

to discuss something with somebody, in order to exchange opinions or get advice

ex: He wanted to confer with his colleagues before reaching a decision

abolish (v) /əˈbɑːlɪʃ/

to formally put an end to a system, practice, or institution.

ex: This tax should be abolished.

extrude (v) /ɪkˈstruːd/

extrude (something) (from something): to force or push out a material, often through a shaped opening.

ex: Lava is extruded from the volcano.

avert (v) /əˈvɜːrt/

to prevent something bad or dangerous from happening

ex: Talks are taking place in an attempt to avert a strike.

acquisition (n) /ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/

the act of getting something, especially knowledge, a skill, etc.

ex: theories of child language acquisition