Chapter 1 vocabs

cells

cells

Front:What is the basic unit of life that can perform all life processes?

Back:This structural and functional unit is capable of growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli. It can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic, containing organelles that carry out specific functions. Examples include plant and animal types.

genes

Gene: Basic unit of heredityDNA: Molecule that carries genetic informationChromosome: Structure containing genes, made of DNAAllele: Variant form of a geneGenotype: Genetic makeup of an organismPhenotype: Observable traits of an organismMutation: Change in DNA sequenceHomozygous: Two identical alleles for a traitHeterozygous: Two different alleles for a traitLocus: Specific location of a gene on a chromosomeTranscription: Process of copying DNA to RNATranslation: Process of synthesizing proteins from RNAGenetic variation: Differences in DNA among individualsInheritance: Transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring

• Gene: Basic unit of heredity

• DNA: Molecule carrying genetic information

• Chromosome: DNA structure containing genes

• Allele: Variant form of a gene

• Genotype: Organism's genetic makeup

• Phenotype: Observable traits of an organism

• Mutation: Change in DNA sequence

• Homozygous: Two identical alleles for a trait

• Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a trait

• Locus: Specific gene location on a chromosome

• Transcription: Copying DNA to RNA

• Translation: Synthesizing proteins from RNA

• Genetic variation: DNA differences among individuals

• Inheritance: Transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring

theory

Theory:Definition: A systematic explanation of phenomenaTheory:Components: Concepts, propositions, and assumptionsTheory:Types: Descriptive, explanatory, predictiveTheory:Purpose: To understand, explain, and predict eventsTheory:Development: Formulated through observation and experimentationTheory:Testing: Must be testable and falsifiableTheory:Examples: Evolutionary theory, quantum theoryTheory:Importance: Guides research and informs practiceTheory:Limitations: May not account for all variables or contexts

atp

Front:What is the primary energy currency of cells?

Back:A nucleotide that stores and transfers energy within cells, essential for various biochemical processes. It consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. Its hydrolysis releases energy used for muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and biosynthesis.

phylum

Phylum: A major taxonomic rank in biological classificationExamples: Chordata, Arthropoda, MolluscaCharacteristics: Organisms share fundamental structural featuresHierarchy: Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > SpeciesNumber of Phyla: Approximately 35 recognized in the animal kingdomImportance: Helps in understanding evolutionary relationshipsSubdivisions: Can be further divided into subphylaClassification: Based on morphological, genetic, and ecological traits

domain of life

• There are three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

• Archaea are single-celled organisms that often thrive in extreme environments.

• Bacteria are also single-celled but have diverse metabolic pathways and habitats.

• Eukarya includes organisms with complex cells, such as plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

• The three domains are distinguished by differences in cell structure and genetic makeup.

• Archaea and Bacteria are prokaryotic, lacking a nucleus, while Eukarya are eukaryotic.

• The concept of domains was proposed by Carl Woese in 1990.