Psychology Unit test 1

Psychology can be considered a collection of many related fields of study. What I one of the features that all of these fields have in common?

The use of the scientific method

Define Theories

The general principles or explanations

Define Hypothesis

Specific predictions

What does the biopsychosocial model assume?

Behaviour can only be fully explained by combining multiple perspectives

Which of the following is true about the concept of scientific literacy?

A.) Only trained scientists are considered scientifically literate

B.) Scientific literacy is the ability to answer basic science questions without looking up their answers

C.) Scientific literacy is the ability to understand, analyze and apply scientific information

D.) Knowledge of scientific terminology is the most important part of scientific theory

C.) Scientific literacy is the ability to understand, analyze and apply scientific information

Define Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes through observations and experience

When did psychology become considered as a science

Late 1800’s

How did physiologists and physicists, like Gustav Fechnar, contribute to the development of psychology as a science?

They studied the relationship between physical world and mental representation of that world

Define Psychoanalysis

The belief that the unconsious mind has an influence on a persons behaviour

-early approach to psychology

Nature VS Nurture Relationship

The investigation into the influence of environment and genetics on behaviour and mental processes

Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?

Their primary focus was on describing the basic components of conscious experience

Which school of psychology questioned whether psychologists should study the mind, which was thought to be unobservable?

Behaviourism

You attend a lecture by a psychologist who uses terms such as ‘free will’ and ‘life’s meaning’. Which psychologist’s perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist represents?

A.)Behaviourism

B.) Human Psychology

C.) Functionalism

D.) Psychodynamic

B.) Human Psychology

What is the primary focus of a social psychologist?

Exploring the influence of others on an individuals behaviour

Dr. Fernwood is a research psychologist, The main focus of her research is the use of psychological knowledge to find ways to reduce bullying in schools. Dr. Fernwood’s research could be described as ______ psychology

A.) Basic

B.) Cognitive Neuorscience

C.) Applied

D.) Industrial/Organizational

C.) Applied

Dr. D’Arcy’s research focuses on the relationship between activity in specific regions of the brain and decision making It is likely that Dr. D’Arcy is in the field of ________.

A.) Biopsychology

B.) Applied

C.) Industrial/Organizational

D.) Cognitive Neuorscience

D.) Cognitive Neuorscience

Define Psychology

Study of the human mind and it’s functions

Define Structuralism (battle of the schools)

-Analyzing consciousness into basic elements, thoughts and sensations

-Uncovering basic structure that make up mind and thought

Define Introspection

Careful observations of ones conscious

Define Functionalism (battle of the schools)

-Focused on function or purpose of consciousness

-Mental processes can be understood of their adaptive purpose and functions

Define Psychoanalytic theory

-Personality, mental disorders, and motivation is attempted to be explained

-mental disorders from unconscious mind

Gestalt Psychology

-Wholes vs multiple individual elements

-You shouldnt dissect an experience into seperate elements to discover truths instead look at the whole

-Construct ‘Perceptual world’

Define Behaviourism

-Observable behaviour

-the science of behaviour

-Observable events

-how behaviour is learned/conditioned

Define Cognitive Perspective

-Processes such as memory, thoughts and reasoning

Define Biological Perspective

How the body and brain create emotions, memories and sensory

-Study of effects on genes, horomon’s, activity of nervous system and the brain

Define Sociocultural

-Behaviour and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Define Psychodynamic

-inner forces, instincts, biological drives determines behaviour

Define Evolutionary

-Behaviours evolved because they helped our ancestors survive and reproduce

Define Humanistic Movement/Perspective

-Emphasizes a persons positive qualities, capacity for positive growth, and freedom to choose destiny

What is positive psychology

focus on characteristics that make people happy

What is Biopsychosocial?

Combines all seven majour perspectives

William James was the 1st to admit a woman into his course of study at Harvard. What was the name of the women he allowed to study psychology?

Mary Whiton Calkins

What did Harvard deny Ms. Calkins

Her Ph.D

Which German philosopher and psychologist was the first to set up a laboratory to gather empirical data related to psychology?

A.) Wundt (1879)

B.) James (1890)

C.) Freud (1900)

D.) Watson (1913)

E.) Wertheimer (1950)

A.) Wundt (1879)

What approach focus’s on rewards, punishments and associations?

Behavioural

The way the mind processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of this approach to psychology:
A.) Evolutionary
B.) Biological
C.) Socio-Cultural
D.) Behavioral
E.) Cognitive

E.) Cognitive

A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working within this psychological perspective:
A.) Behavioral
B.)Evolutionary
C.) Cognitive
D.) Socio-Cultural
E.) Eclectic

D.) Socio-Cultural

Which subfield is most directly concerned
with studying how marketing effects human
behaviour?
A.) Clinical
B.) Personality
C.) Engineering psychology
D.) Industrial-Organizational
E.) Counseling

D.) Industrial-Organizational

Which of the following individuals is also a
physician?
A.) Clinical psychologist
B.) Psychologist
C.) Experimental psychologist
D.) Psychiatrist
E.) Developmental Psychologist

D.) Psychiatrist

A person working within this subfield of psychology might work closely with their local police department to explain the behaviour of a suspect
A.) Health Psychologist
B.) Criminal Psychologist
C.) Clinical Psychologist
D.) Forensic Psychologist
E.) Counseling Psychologist

D.) Forensic Psychologist

Scientists study a ______ and then generalized the reasults of their investigation to a _____

Sample; Population

Which of the following is an example of demand characteristics affecting an experiment?

A.) An experimenter draws the wrong conclusion from a study because she did not use the correct statistical analysis

B.) A participant changes his response to a question because he has the feeling he knows what the experimenter wants

C.) An experimenter changes her behaviour because she can predict how the participant will respond

D.) A participant in a double-blind experiment believes she is in the control group

B.) A participant changes his response to a question because he has the feeling he knows what the experimenter wants

Why is it usually a bad idea to draw conclusions from anecdotal evidence?

There is no way to know if an anecdote is true or if it will generalise to other people.

What does a correlation coefficent of -0.94 indicate about relationship between 2 variables?

The variables are strongly associated with one increasing as the other decreases.

Most people believe that anxiety leads to sleep loss. However, Dr.Jenkins believes that sleep deprivation can also cause increase anxiety. Which research method would allow him to test a cause-effect relationship between the two?

A.) naturalistic observation

B.) experimental

C.) correlation

D.) survey

B.) experimental

What is a way to describe the amount of cognitive and emotional risk to participants allowed in psychological research today?

The amount of acceptable risk depends on the possible benefits of the study

The use of deception in psychology is considered…

…generally acceptable when shown to be absolutely necessary to the research

When would the mean be the best measure of central tendency to use?

The data has a normal distribution

A teacher notices that, on the last science test, some students did very well while others performed poorly or grades were in the middle. If she wanted to measure how “spread out” the scores were, which descriptive statistic could she use?

A.) median

B.) mode

C.) standard deviation

D.) mean

C.) standard deviation

True or False: Good scientific research is based on measurements that are objective, valid, and reliable

True

True or False: If someone takes an intelligence test several times and recieves the same score, the test is considered to have high validity

False

True or False: Using random sampling increases the likelyhood that the results from a sample will generalize to the population

True

Keisha performs an experiment with two randomly assigned groups of school children. The first group is allowed 15 minutes of recess play before a math test, while the second group watches a video before the test. When she analyzes the test scores, she
finds that there is a statistical difference between the groups, with the recess group scoring higher, on average, on the test. Which conclusion can be drawn from this result?
a. The difference between the scores for the two groups is not likely due to their differing
pre-test activities and it is probably due to random chance.
b. The difference between the scores for the two groups is likely due to their differing
pre-test activities, and did not happen by chance.
c. Students who are good at math prefer recess to watching a video.
d. Students who are good at math prefer watching a video to recess

b. The difference between the scores for the two groups is likely due to their differing
pre-test activities, and did not happen by chance.

Define double-blind experiment

neither the participant nor the research knows which treatment group the participant is in

True or False: Once research has been peer reviewed and published they are considered accurate, even if other researchers cannot replicate them.

False

True or False: Survey and questionnaires are used to collect self-reported data

True

True or False: A correlation coefficient of -0.80 represents a stringer relationship than a correlation coefficient of +0.50

True

True or False: If researchers find that the number of books read by fifth-grade students is positively correlated with their scores on an intelligence test, it would be correct to conclude that having children read more increases their intelligence.

False

True or False: Emmerson designs an experiment to test whether drinking a protein shake after weightlifting increases muscle development. The independant variable in Emmersons experiment is the protein shake.

True

True or False: Asking participants to wrote about upsetting or traumatic experiences can put them at risk for cognitive and emotional stress. However, there might also be potential benefits of coping through expression. Research ethics board (REB) weigh the risks and benefits of research.

True

Define Basic Assumption

Determinism-Events are governed by some lawful order

Define Nonexperimental (descriptive method)

Describes behaviour but doesn’t identify cause and reason for behaviour

Descriptive Method Research Tactics- Survey

-Questionnaires or interviews to ask people their opinions, attitudes and opinions directly

-Volunteer bias (are there differences between the ones who partake and the ones who dont?)

-

Descriptive Method Research Tactics- Case Study

-Only particular people are eligable for this study

-usually clinical research

Descriptive Method Research Tactics- Naturalistic Observation VS Laboratory Observation

-Naturally occuring behaviour (done with no set up observe naturally)

-done in a lab (set up)

List the types of descriptive method research tactics

Survey

Case Study

Naturalistic Observation

Laboratory Observation

Psychological tests

What does Correlation Coefficients range from?

-1.00 to +1.00

(further away from 0 the stronger the correlation)

Define Positive Correlation

As one variable increases so does the other

OR

As one variable decreases so does the other

Define Negative Correlation

As one variable increases the other decreases

OR

As one variable decreases the other increases

An experimenter wants to study the effects of music on studying. He has some students study while listening to music and others study in silence, and
then compare their test scores. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Presence of music while studying

Identify the variable

Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to differing amounts of public television improves their reading skills.

IV=Public Television

DV= Reading Skills

Identify the variable

A clinical psychologist is interested in how heart rate is affected by viewing a violent film as opposed to a nonviolent film.

IV= Type of Film

DV= Heart Rate

Identify the variable

Cognitive psychologists are interested in what types of diagrams are the easiest for people to remember.

IV= Type of Diagram

DV= Memory

Identify the variables

An industrial/organizational psychologist tests to see if wearing name tags makes employees happier with their work

IV= Name Tags

DV= Happiness

Define Generalizability

a measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations

Define Hypothesis-testing

Predictions must be testable

Scientific hypotheses need to be formulated precisely

Define Descriptive Statistics

Organize and summarize data

Define Inferential Statistics

Asses how meaningful results are

What number does the p-value have to be less then for it to have statistical significance?

0.05

What are the ethics of studying humans

Participants must enter a study voluntarily and must know enough about an experiment to make smart decisions

informed consent

Define Nature

Genes determine how smart you are

Define Nurture

made that way through education and experiences

Define Heritability

The extent to which phenotypic variance predicted by genetic variance

Define Epigenetics

Study of changes in gene expressions/ function of genes that don’t involve changes in sequence of DNA

Define Brain Damage

Result of an accident or disease

Define Lesioning

Removal or destruction of part of the brain (only on animals)

Define EEG

Amplified recording of the brain

Define which one is your fight and flight and rest and digest between these too, Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Sympathetic-fight or flight

Parasympathetic- rest and digest

Define Brain Stem

-Inner core of brain; regulates life support

-Connects to the spinal cord

-Includes pons, medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum

Define Cerebellum

-”little brain”

-Coordinates voluntary movement and balance

Define Limbic System

-assocatied with emotion such as fear, aggression, drives for food and sex

-Includes, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalumus, thalamus

Define Thalamus

-”sensory switchboard”

-controls all senses except for smell

Define Hippocampus

memory

Define Amygdala

-emotions of fear and anger

Define Hypothalamus

-eating. drinking, body temp and controls emotions

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

1.) Frontal lobe

-judgemental/reasoning

2.)Partietal lobe

-Senses

3.) Occipital lobe

-vision

4.) Temporal lobe

-hearing

Define motor cortex

-Topographic information

-Controls Voluntary Movements

Define Sensory Cortex

-recieves information from skin surface and organs

What are the 2 brain halves connected by

Corpus callosum

Define Soma Sensory Cortex

Relationship between sensitivity