Chapter(s) 7&8 Vocab Review

USH 11th grade vocabulary

Social Gospel Movement

A social reform movement that developed within religious institutions and sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society

Progressives (mugwumps)

Republican party faction of the 1890s to the 1910s, composed of reformers who opposed patronage

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Muckrackers

Journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics in order to bring about reform.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Municipal Reform

Changes in city governments made to encourage greater efficiency, honesty, and responsiveness.

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

secret ballot

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

direct primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Meat Inspection Act

Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

Coal strike of 1902

Strike by the United Coal Workers of America, threatening to shut down the winter coal supply. Theodore Roosevelt intervened federally, and resolved the dispute

Pure Food and Drug Act

Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

graduated income tax

a method of taxation that taxes people at different rates depending on income

Federal Trade Commission

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.

Governor Broward

A river pilot and captain before becoming a politician. He was elected as the 19th Governor of the state of Florida from 1905 to 1909. He was best known for his major project to drain the Everglades to recover land for agricultural cultivation.

Everglades

a large subtropical swamp in southern Florida that is noted for its wildlife

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Jose Marti

led the fight for Cuba's independence from Spain from 1895 through the Spanish-American War

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

humanitarian

A person working for the welfare of all humans

De lome letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

San Juan Hill

Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war, where Theodore Roosevelt successfully leads the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches

Commodore Dewey

Followed Roosevelt's order to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines when war was declared; completely destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898; was immediately promoted to admiral, becoming the first her of the war; his victory shed light on the adjusted purpose of war with Spain from just freeing Cuba to stripping Spain of all of its colonies

Manila Bay

This Battle took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish-American War. The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged and destroyed the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo that marked an end to wooden ships to the more powerful American Steel Navy.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Anti-Imperialist League

a group that opposed the treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire

Mark Twain

The writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910); used "realistic fiction".

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Spheres of Influence

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Treaty of Portsmouth

1905 treaty between Russia and Japan ending the Russo-Japanese War

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Yellow Fever

a disease transmitted by mosquitoes: its symptoms included high fever and vomiting

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Roosevelt Corollary

The idea that Latin America political instability was not good for US security

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Watchful Waiting

1913-1914
*Policy by Woodrow Wilson of rejecting alliances with leaders who took control through force until a determination of their interests could be made
*Wilson implemented this policy by refusing to accept the leadership of Victoriano Huerta when he took control of Mexico through violent revolution
*Policy ended when the US sent forced to retaliate against Mexico, which had arrested American sailors in its borders