ANATOMY 3 [CIRCULATORY SYSTEM]

What is the size of the heart?

A closed fist

What is the average weight of the heart?

Approximately 300 grams

What is the shape of the heart?

Cone-shaped

What is the base of the heart?

A "broad superior surface"

What is the apex of the heart?

An "Inferior tip"

Where is the location of the heart?

In the mediastinum between the lungs

What is the position of the heart?

The apex is tilted to the left and in the cardiac notch

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

1. Heart

2. Blood

3. Blood vessels

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Works with the respiratory system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body cells and remove carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes.

What is the double-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart?

Pericardium

What is the tough outer layer of the pericardium that is connected to the large blood vessels?

Fibrous pericardium

What is the delicate membrane within the fibrous pericardium?

Serous Pericardium

What lines the fibrous pericardium?

Parietal layer

Which part of the serous pericardium clings to the surface of the heart?

Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)

What is the narrow space between the layers of serous pericardium?

Pericardial cavity (space)

What is the lubricating fluid secreted by layers of serous pericardium?

Pericardial fluid

What are the 2 superior cavities (heart chambers) that receive blood returning from the body?

Atria

What is the partition between the right and left atrium?

Interatrial septum

What is the depression in the right atrium remaining after the closing of the foremen ovale in the fetal heart?

Fossa ovalis

What are the earlike flaps attached to the superior surfaces of the atria?

Auricles

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava?

Right Atrium

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary veins from the lungs?

Left Atrium

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the coronary sinus?

Right Atrium

What are the large inferior chambers of the heart that have thick walls and pump blood out of the heart?

Ventricles

Which heart chamber pumps blood to the lungs?

Right Ventricle

Which heart chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body?

Left Ventricle

What is the name of the visceral serous pericardium?

Epicardium

What is the cardiac muscle tissue in the wall of the heart?

Myocardium

What is the membrane lining the cavities of the heart?

Endocardium

What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve (has 3 cusps/flaps)

What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Bicuspid valve (has 2 cusps/flaps)

What are the threads that attach the cusps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles?

chordae tendineae

What are the small cone-shaped muscles in the floor of the ventricles that anchor the cusps of the AV valves?

Papillary muscles

Which valve is located in the ascending aorta?

Aortic Semilunar Valve

What has a semilunar valve attached to it?

The Aorta

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

Right Atrium

Which vessel returns blood from the upper body?

superior vena cava

Which vessel returns blood from the lower body?

inferior vena cava

Which vessel returns blood from the myocardium?

coronary sinus

Which arteries supply blood to the myocardium?

coronary arteries (2)

What are the branches off the left coronary artery?

Left anterior descending artery (front of the heart) and the Circumflex artery (top of heart)

What are the branches off the right coronary artery?

Right posterior descending artery (down the posterior heart) and the Marginal artery (around the heart to the posterior surface)

Which chamber of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs?

Right Ventricle

Which vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary Veins (2 pair - 2 veins from each lung)

Which heart chamber receives blood from the left atrium as it passes through the bicuspid (mitral) valve?

Left Ventricle

Which heart chamber pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve to the whole body?

Left Ventricle

Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Pulmonary veins

Which vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

Pulmonary arteries

Which vessel collects all the blood from the heart muscle and returns it to the right atrium?

Coronary sinus

What is reduced blood flow to the myocardium due to blockage or vessel constriction?

Myocardial ischemia

What are chest pains due to insufficient oxygen supply to the myocardium?

Angina pectoris

What is the death of the myocardium due to lack of oxygen?

Myocardial Infarction (M.I.)

What is the pacemaker of the cardiac conducting system?

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

What does the pacemaker, AV node, and the Purkinje fibers conduct?

Nerve Impulses

What delays nerve impulses about 0.1 second allowing atria to complete their contraction?

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

What extends from the AV node to the superior interventricular septum and transports nerve impulses?

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

What part of the conducting system stimulates ventricular contractions?

Purkinje fibers

What are events occurring as nerve impulses pass through the conducting system?

Cardiac cycle

What is the contraction of the atria or the ventricles?

systole

What is the term for when both atria and both ventricles are relaxed?

diastole (quiescent period)

What is the tracing of movement of nerve impulses through the heart during the cardiac cycle?

Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

What is the 1st wave produced by atrial depolarization which indicates atrial systole?

P wave

What is the 2nd wave produced by ventricular depolarization (indicates ventrivular systole)?

QRS wave

What occurs during the T wave?

ventricular repolarization (ventricles are preparing for the next cycle)

What is the term for the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute?

cardiac minute output (CMO)

What is the average cardiac minute output (CMO)?

Approximately 5,000 mL (5,250 mL)

What controls the heart rate?

cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata

What determines the stoke volume?

stretching of the ventricle, strength of contraction and arterial blood pressure

What is the inability of the right or left ventricle to pump a sufficient volume of blood?

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

What is the sign of right heart failure?

peripheral edema

What is the sign of left heart failure?

pulmonary edema

What is the study of blood?

hematology

What is the liquid portion of blood (approx. 55%)?

plasma

What are the formed elements of blood (approx. 45%)?

blood cells

What is the normal pH of blood?

7.35 - 7.45

What is the average volume of blood?

5 quarts

What is the normal temperature of blood?

100˚F

What is the normal viscosity of blood?

5.0

Characteristics of Erythrocytes - they contain (are loaded with) _______________; and are ___________________?

hemoglobin; anucleate (no nucleus)

The normal hematocrit (% of packed erythrocytes) for males - ________; females - ______?

47%; 42%

What is a complex protein that comprises 1/3 of their volume; and each cell contains approx. 400 million molecules? ______________

hemoglobin

What is the portion of hemoglobin that contains iron and carries O2?

Heme

What is the portion of hemoglobin that carries CO2?

Globin

The orange pigment (product of the breakdown of heme in the liver) that causes jaundice?

bilirubin

Where are red blood cells broken down into heme and globin?

Spleen

Where is the heme of blood broken down into bilirubin?

Liver

Which blood cells are most important in carrying oxygen (O2)?

erythrocytes

If the hemoglobin levels in the blood are less than 12 grams per deciliter what is the result?

anemia

Another name for erythrocytes?

red blood cells

What is the clumping reaction that is used to type blood?

Agglutination

What is the clumping of red blood cells that occurs when antigens combine with serum or plasma containing matching antibodies?

Agglutination

Which blood type is considered to be the universal donor because it has no antigens (neither A or B) on the red blood cells?

O

Which blood type is considered to be the universal recipient because it has neither the A antibody or the B antibody?

AB

Would a transfusion of "A" blood to a "B" recipient be safe or unsafe?

unsafe

Are most people Rh+ or Rh- ?

Rh+

A transfusion giving Rh+ blood to an Rh- recipient would be?

Unsafe

What is the hemolytic disease of a newborn when the mother is Rh- and the 2nd baby is Rh+?

Erythroblastosis fetalis

What is another name for leukocytes?

White Blood Cells

What are larger than erythrocytes; some are clear and some contain granules?

Granulocytes

Leukocytes have a

nucleus