APUSH 3-6

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Settled disputes with Britain, avoided war, led to British evacuation of forts in the Northwest Territory.

The National Bank (1791)

Created by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize the U.S. economy, sparked debates over implied powers and federal authority.

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Established a process for admitting new states from the Northwest Territory, prohibited slavery in the region.

Republican Motherhood (Post-1770s)

Encouraged women to raise virtuous citizens, connecting their roles to the republic's survival post-Revolution.

Separation of Powers (1787)

Government division into executive, legislative, judicial branches to prevent dominance by a single branch.

Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)

Massachusetts farmers' uprising against taxes and debt, revealing weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

The French Revolution (1789-1799)

Caused U.S. political division, with Federalists fearing radicalism and Democratic-Republicans supporting it.

The Great Compromise (1787)

Resolved large vs. small state disputes, creating a bicameral legislature with proportional and equal representation.

Whiskey Rebellion (1791-1794)

Western farmers protested whiskey tax, prompting Washington to use federal troops to assert national authority.

1st Amendment's 5 Freedoms (1791)

Ensures freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition, foundational to individual liberties.

3/5ths Compromise (1787)

Counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths for representation and taxation, reinforcing slavery.

Anti-Federalists (1787-1788)

Opposed the Constitution, fearing centralized power and lack of individual rights, leading to the Bill of Rights.

Bill of Rights (1791)

First 10 amendments to the Constitution, safeguarding individual liberties and addressing Anti-Federalist concerns.

Constitutional Convention (1787)

Drafted the U.S. Constitution, replacing the Articles of Confederation and establishing a stronger central government.

Democratic Republican Party (1790s)

Led by Jefferson and Madison, opposed Federalist policies, stressed states' rights and an agrarian America.

Electoral College (1787)

System for electing the president, balancing popular sovereignty with state interests.

Federalism (1787)

Power division between national and state governments, central to debates on federal authority scope.

Federalist Papers (1787-1788)

Essays by Hamilton, Madison, Jay advocating Constitution ratification.

Federalists (Political Group, 1790s)

Led by Hamilton, backed strong national government, industrial economy, aligned with Britain.

George Washington's Farewell Address (1796)

Warned against permanent foreign alliances, political parties, promoted national unity.

Lexington & Concord (1775)

First American Revolution battles, signifying start of conflict between colonists and British troops.

Marquis de Lafayette (1777-1781)

French military officer aiding American Revolution, bolstering French support for the cause.

Patriots & Loyalists (1770s-1780s)

Patriots backed independence, Loyalists supported Britain, causing colonial division.

Stamp Act (1765)

Tax on paper goods, inciting protests and the slogan 'no taxation without representation.

Sugar Act (1764)

Tax on sugar and molasses, aimed at raising colonial revenue and contributing to unrest.

Tea Act (1773)

Granted British East India Company tea monopoly, leading to Boston Tea Party and tensions.

Thomas Paine - Common Sense (1776)

Pamphlet advocating independence, influential in swaying public opinion toward revolution.

Townshend Acts (1767)

Taxes on imports like glass, tea, sparking colonial boycotts and tensions with Britain.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended American Revolutionary War, acknowledged U.S. independence, set national borders.

Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations (1776)

Advocated free-market economies, impacting American economic policies and government debates.

Articles of Confederation (Adoption, 1781)

Initial U.S. governing document, establishing a weak central government, later replaced by the Constitution.

Boston Massacre (1770)

British soldiers killed five colonists, used as anti-British propaganda in the colonies.

Continental Army (1775)

Formed to fight Britain in the Revolution, led by George Washington.

Continental Congress (1774-1781)

Governing body during the Revolution, declared independence and led the war effort.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Jefferson's document declaring colonies' independence, based on Enlightenment principles.

The Enlightenment (1700s)

Emphasized reason, individualism, influenced revolutionary ideas in America.

George Washington (General, 1775-1783)

Led Continental Army to victory in Revolution, later became first U.S. president.

Intolerable Acts (1774)

British laws punishing Boston for Tea Party, uniting colonies against Britain, leading to First Continental Congress.

Populist Party (People's Party) [1892]

A political party formed by farmers and laborers to challenge big businesses. Advocated for free silver, railroad regulation, and direct election of senators.

Political Machine [1877-1898]

Corrupt city organizations that traded favors for votes. Examples like Tammany Hall helped immigrants but fostered widespread corruption.

Pendleton Civil Service Act [1883]

Ended the spoils system by requiring government jobs to be awarded based on merit through exams, reducing corruption.

The Grange Movement [1867-1880s]

A farmers' group that pushed for education, cooperation, and railroad regulation to fight monopolies.

Farmers' Alliance [1870s-1890s]

A network of farmers advocating for reforms like railroad regulation and easier loans. It led to the formation of the Populist Party.

Omaha Platform [1892]

The Populist Party's reform plan calling for free silver, public ownership of railroads, income tax, and direct election of senators.

The Gold Standard (money) [1870s-1890s]

A monetary system tied to gold that favored the wealthy. Farmers opposed it and pushed for free silver to reduce debt.

William Jennings Bryan [1896]

Populist leader famous for his "Cross of Gold" speech supporting free silver and farmers. Ran for president three times.

4 Political Changes Called for in the Omaha Platform [1892]

Direct election of senators.
Secret ballot.
Public ownership of railroads.
Term limits for officials.

Sharecropping (1870s-1950s)

A system where tenant farmers, often freed African Americans, rented land and paid a portion of their crops to landowners. It trapped many in debt and economic dependence in the post-Reconstruction South.

Literacy Test (Voting) (late 19th century)

A discriminatory method used to disenfranchise African Americans by requiring voters to pass reading and interpretation tests, often administered unfairly.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

A Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, legalizing Jim Crow laws and institutionalizing racism.

Jim Crow Laws (1870s-1960s)

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South, denying African Americans equal rights in public facilities, schools, and voting.

Poll Tax (late 19th century)

A fee required to vote, used to disenfranchise poor African Americans and whites in the South.

Exodusters (1879)

African Americans who migrated from the South to Kansas to escape racial oppression and seek opportunities in the West during Reconstruction.

Social Gospel (late 19th century)

A religious movement advocating for social reform to address poverty and inequality, emphasizing Christian principles in public life.

Voluntary Organization (late 19th century)

Groups like the YMCA and Salvation Army, which sought to address urban problems and provide aid to the poor through charity and religious principles.

Gospel of Wealth (1889)

An essay by Andrew Carnegie advocating for the wealthy to use their riches for the public good, justifying wealth disparities through philanthropy.

Settlement House (late 19th century)

Community centers like Jane Addams' Hull House that provided education, childcare, and services to immigrants and the urban poor.

Tammany Hall (1789-early 20th century)

A New York City political machine that helped immigrants, especially the Irish, rise in politics but was criticized for corruption and patronage.

Tammany Hall Critics (1870s-1880s)

Critics claimed Tammany Hall exploited taxpayer money for bribes, manipulated elections, and perpetuated urban corruption.

New South (post-1877)

A vision promoting Southern industrialization and economic diversification while maintaining racial segregation and white supremacy.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

A journalist and activist who exposed lynching and fought for racial justice, becoming a leading voice against violence and discrimination.

Lost Cause Myth (late 19th century)

A romanticized view of the Confederacy, portraying it as a noble fight for states' rights while downplaying slavery's role.

Vaudeville (1880s-1930s)

A form of entertainment featuring diverse performances, reflecting growing urban leisure culture and middle-class affluence.

Thomas Edison (1847-1931)

An inventor who developed the light bulb and phonograph, symbolizing the technological advancements of the Gilded Age.

Homestead Act (1862)

Granted 160 acres of public land to settlers who farmed it for five years, encouraging westward migration and settlement.

Transcontinental Railroad impact on American migration (1869)

Connected the East and West, speeding up migration, enabling trade, and displacing Native Americans from their lands.

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

U.S. troops killed over 200 Lakota at Wounded Knee, ending Native armed resistance and worsening federal-Native relations.

The Turner Thesis (1893)

Frederick Jackson Turner's idea that the American frontier shaped democracy and culture, emphasizing westward expansion's importance.

McCormick's Mechanical Reaper (1880s manufacturing change)

Improved farming efficiency; assembly line production reduced costs, making it widely accessible to farmers.

Knights of Labor (founded 1869)

A labor union that sought to unite all workers, advocating for better wages, hours, and working conditions, but declined after the Haymarket Riot.

The Haymarket Riot (1886)

A Chicago labor protest turned violent when a bomb exploded, leading to anti-labor sentiment and weakening the labor movement.

Board of Indian Commissioners (1869)

Oversaw Native policies to assimilate tribes, often forcing cultural and lifestyle changes, including reservations and boarding schools.

California Gold Rush (1848-1855)

Triggered mass migration to California, spurring economic growth and statehood but displacing Native Americans.

Cattle Drives (1860s-1880s)

Cowboys herded cattle from Texas to railheads in Kansas for transport to markets, fueling the beef industry.

Colorado Gold Rush (1858-1861)

Drew settlers to Colorado, increasing conflict with Native tribes over land and resources.

Cowboys (Vaqueros) (1860s-1880s)

Skilled horsemen and cattle herders, influenced by Mexican vaqueros, crucial to Western ranching culture.

Crazy Horse (1840-1877)

Lakota leader who resisted U.S. expansion and helped defeat Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Dawes General Allotment Act (1887)

Divided tribal land into individual plots to assimilate Native Americans, reducing Native land holdings.

George Custer (1839-1876)

U.S. Army officer defeated at the Battle of Little Bighorn, symbolizing tensions with Native tribes.

Indian Reservation (1850s-1880s)

Designated lands where Native Americans were forced to live, often with poor conditions and limited autonomy.

Native American Boarding Schools (1870s-1920s)

Schools aimed to assimilate Native children by erasing their culture and teaching English and U.S. customs.

Sitting Bull (1831-1890)

Lakota leader who resisted U.S. policies, played a key role in Little Bighorn, and was killed during a Ghost Dance crackdown.

The Comanche (18th-19th century)

A powerful Plains tribe that resisted U.S. expansion but was eventually confined to reservations.

The Ghost Dance (1889-1890)

A spiritual movement promising Native restoration; feared by U.S. authorities, leading to the Wounded Knee massacre.

The Sioux (19th century)

A coalition of Native tribes that resisted U.S. expansion but suffered greatly after events like Wounded Knee.

Wild West Shows (1880s-early 1900s)

Entertainment spectacles romanticizing the West, featuring cowboys, Native Americans, and famous figures like Buffalo Bill.

Homestead Strike (1892)

A violent labor dispute at Carnegie Steel; weakened unions and highlighted industrial workers' struggles.

Laissez-Faire Economics (late 19th century)

A policy of minimal government interference in business, promoting rapid industrial growth but leading to inequalities.

Labor Union (19th century)

Organizations of workers advocating for better wages, hours, and working conditions, pivotal in industrial America.

Child Labor (19th century)

Widespread use of children in factories and mines, sparking reform movements for labor laws.

Trusts (Business) (late 19th century)

Large business combinations controlling industries, reducing competition and creating monopolies.

Monopoly (Business) (late 19th century)

When one company dominates an industry, often exploiting workers and consumers.

Vertical Integration (Carnegie Steel) (late 19th century)

Control of all production steps in an industry to reduce costs and maximize profits.

Horizontal Integration (Standard Oil) (late 19th century)

Buying out competitors to dominate an industry, used by Rockefeller to control oil.

Robber Baron (late 19th century)

Term for wealthy industrialists who exploited workers and resources to amass wealth.

Captain of Industry (late 19th century)

Industrialists praised for innovation, creating jobs, and advancing the economy.

Social Darwinism (late 19th century)

Applied "survival of the fittest" to justify wealth inequality and oppose social reform.

Government Subsidy (railroads) (1860s)

Federal land and funds given to railroads to promote construction and economic growth.

Thomas Edison (1847-1931)

Inventor of the light bulb and phonograph; symbolized industrial innovation.

Menlo Park (1876)

Edison's research lab where groundbreaking inventions like the light bulb were developed.