Engineering Term 1

What is in the middle of class 1 in levers

Fulcrum

What is in the middle of class 2 in levers

Load

What is in the middle of class 3 in levers

Effort

What is every mechanism split into

Input, Process Output

What is Input

the energy put in

What is Process

the movement of the mechanism

What is output

The result you get

What is acceleration?

The rate of change in speed (or velocity) measured in m/s². Equation: ? = change of velocity ÷ time taken.

What is deceleration?

Slowing down or negative acceleration.

What is displacement?

The distance from the start to the end of a journey in a straight line with a direction.

What is force?

A push or a pull, measured in Newtons (N).

What does magnitude tell us?

The size of a vector.

How is a moment calculated?

Moment = Force × Perpendicular distance to a pivot.

What does stationary mean?

Not moving.

What is velocity?

The speed of an object in a specific direction.

What is gravity?

The force of attraction between objects due to their mass.

When are two variables inversely related?

When one decreases as the other increases.

What is mass?

A measure of an object's resistance to acceleration, measured in kilograms (kg).

What is matter?

Anything made from sub-atomic particles, such as atoms and molecules.

What does oppose mean?

To work against something to reduce or eliminate its effect.

What is frictional force?

A force resisting an object's movement through or over something.

What is a gravitational field?

The area of space around a body where another body experiences gravitational attraction.

What is kinetic energy?

Energy an object has due to its motion.

What is the resultant force?

The single force that could replace all forces acting on an object.

What is surface area?

The total area of an object's surface.

What is terminal velocity?

The maximum speed of an object when forces are balanced.

What is pressure?

Force per unit area, measured in Pascal (Pa).

How does area affect pressure?

Larger area reduces pressure, smaller area increases pressure.

How does depth affect pressure in liquids?

Pressure increases as depth increases.

What happens to gas pressure when temperature increases?

Pressure increases as particles move faster and collide more.

What does Boyle's Law state?

Pressure × Volume = Constant (for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature).

What is density?

Mass per unit volume of a substance.

What is the formula for density?

Density = Mass ÷ Volume.

What are the units for density?

kg/m³ or g/cm³.

What happens when forces are balanced?

The object remains stationary or moves at a constant speed.

What is Newton's First Law of Motion?

An object stays at rest or moves at constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

What is Newton's Second Law of Motion?

Force = Mass × Acceleration (F = ma).

What is Newton's Third Law of Motion?

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

What is the formula for acceleration?

Acceleration = Change in velocity ÷ Time taken.

What does the gradient of a velocity-time graph represent?

Acceleration.

What does the gradient of a distance-time graph represent?

Speed.

How do you calculate force?

Force = Mass × Acceleration.

What is the difference between weight and mass?

Mass is the amount of matter; weight is the gravitational force on that mass.

When is terminal velocity reached?

When forces moving an object are balanced by frictional forces.

How is work done calculated?

? = Force × Distance moved in the direction of the force.

What is the formula for kinetic energy?

Kinetic Energy = ½ × Mass × Velocity².

What is gravitational potential energy?

Energy stored in an object due to its position above the ground.

What is the density of water?

1 g/cm³ or 1000 kg/m³.

Why does gas pressure decrease with altitude?

Fewer air molecules and less weight of air above.

What is inertia?

The resistance of an object to change its state of motion.

What is friction?

A force opposing motion between two surfaces in contact.

What happens when forces are balanced?

There is no change in motion.

What happens when forces are unbalanced?

The object accelerates in the direction of the resultant force.

What is the equation for pressure?

Pressure = Force ÷ Area.

What is the effect of a resultant force?

It causes acceleration.

What is the difference between speed and velocity?

Speed is scalar (no direction); velocity is vector (with direction).

How is a moment calculated?

Moment = Force × Distance from the pivot.

How do particles in a gas move?

Quickly in random directions with varying speeds.

What happens to gas particles as temperature increases?

They move faster due to increased kinetic energy.

How does depth affect pressure in a fluid?

Pressure increases with increasing depth.

What is one Pascal equivalent to?

1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 Newton per square meter (N/m²).

Why do snowshoes reduce sinking into snow?

They spread weight over a larger area, reducing pressure.

Why do high heels create more pressure on the floor?

The weight force is applied over a smaller area.

What is the relationship between pressure and volume for gases?

They are inversely proportional (Boyle's Law).

What happens to gas pressure if volume decreases?

Pressure increases due to more frequent particle collisions.

What is the approximate atmospheric pressure at sea level?

About 101,000 Pa (101 kPa).

Why do gases have lower density than solids or liquids?

Gas particles are spread further apart.

How is the volume of an irregular solid measured?

By water displacement in a measuring cylinder.

What does a graph of pressure against temperature show?

The direct relationship between pressure and temperature.

How did Boyle demonstrate the relationship between pressure and volume?

Using a J-shaped tube with trapped air and mercury.

What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities?

Scalars have magnitude only; vectors have magnitude and direction.

What is the difference between distance and displacement?

Distance is total path length; displacement is straight line from start to end.

What is uniform motion?

Motion at a constant speed in a straight line.

What is non-uniform motion?

Motion with changing speed or direction.

Why draw a tangent on a curved distance-time graph?

To calculate the instantaneous speed.

What does the area under a velocity-time graph represent?

Displacement.

What does the gradient of a velocity-time graph indicate?

The object's acceleration.

What does a straight line on a velocity-time graph represent?

Constant acceleration.

How is displacement calculated using a velocity-time graph?

By calculating the area under the graph.

What is the standard acceleration due to gravity on Earth?

Approximately 9.8 m/s².

What balances out at terminal velocity?

Weight and air resistance.

How are pressure and force related?

Pressure = Force ÷ Area.

Why do objects float on water?

Their density is less than that of water.

Why are dam walls wedge-shaped?

To withstand greater pressure at the bottom due to water depth.

Give an example of Newton's First Law.

A book on a table stays at rest until a force moves it.

Give an example of Newton's Second Law.

A car accelerates faster with more force from the engine.

Give an example of Newton's Third Law.

A swimmer pushes water backward, moving forward.

How does force affect acceleration?

Greater force results in greater acceleration.

In which directions does pressure act in a fluid?

In all directions.

What causes pressure in a liquid column?

The weight of the liquid above.

What does a horizontal line on a speed-time graph represent?

Constant speed.

What indicates acceleration on a velocity-time graph?

A sloped line.

What tool is used to measure force?

A spring balance.

How does altitude affect air pressure?

Air pressure decreases with increased altitude.

What is the SI unit of force?

Newton (N).

What is the SI unit of pressure?

Pascal (Pa).

What is the SI unit of density?

Kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³).

How does mass affect inertia?

Greater mass results in greater inertia.

What is the difference between balanced and unbalanced forces?

Balanced forces result in no motion change; unbalanced forces cause acceleration.

When is an object in equilibrium?

When all forces acting on it are balanced.