H. U.S. History Final -Semester 2

Era after Civil War, from 1865-1877 name

Reconstruction

Ended slavery in the U.S.

13th Amendment

Guaranteed equal protection under the law

14th Amendment

Guaranteed the right to vote to men, regardless of race

15th Amendment

Freedmen's Bureau

government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Jim Crow

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Radical Reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction

Carpetbaggers

Northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court decision that legalized "separate but equal" or segregation based on race

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Dawes Act

An act that removed Native American land from tribal possession, divided it, and distributed it among individual Native American families. Designed to break tribal loyalty and promote individualism.

Indian Boarding Schools

the Bureau took Indian children away from their families and sent them to boarding schools run by whites, where they believed the young people could be educated to abandon tribal ways.

Massacre at Wounded Knee

(1890) the U.S. Army's killing of approximately 150 Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota; ended U.S-Indian wars on the Plains

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Robber Barons

An American capitalist who acquired a fortune in the late nineteenth century by ruthless means.

Trust

A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.

Labor Union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

Andrew Carnegie

An industrialist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company controlled the entire American steel industry.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, controlled the entire oil industry as a monopoly (or trust)

Immigration during Gilded Age

from southern and eastern Europe and Asia

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to reform America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Pullman Strike

violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Where did most immigrants come from during the late 1800s-early 1900s?

Southern and Eastern Europe and the Far East

Where did most immigrants settle?

Cities and urban areas

What did the Populists want?

1. Direct election of US senators by the American people

3. Wanted coins struck in silver and as well as gold (more money in circulation) to inflate the price of their crops

What is imperialism?

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

What are the five causes of imperialism?

Social, political, religious, ideological, technological, economic (SPRITE)

Why did the US annex Hawaii?

sugar plantations, to use as a Pacific naval base, fear of Japanese expansion

Why did the US go to war with Spain?

They thought that Spain had blown up the USS Maine

What was the outcome of the Spanish American War?

The United States emerged as a world power. The United States gained possession of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

What was yellow journalism?

Newspaper stories that aren't necessarily true to make them seem more appealing

What was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

The US would intervene in cases of flagrant and chronic wrongdoing by a Latin American country

What did Roosevelt mean by "speak softly, but carry a big stick"?

To negotiate peacefully with other nations but also having strength in case things go wrong

What did Progressives believe?

That the government should get involved in helping people more. Acting in the public interest.

What drove the growth of Progressivism in the late 1800s?

Growth of cities and urban areas

What were muckrakers, and what did they do?

They were investigative journalists, as well as artists and writers, who exposed corruption in business, politics, and society.

What did Upton Sinclair write?

The Jungle- A book about the meat packing industry in the US.

What did the 19th Amendment do?

It guaranteed women the right to vote

What did W.E.B. DuBois believe?

In full and immediate political, civil, and social rights for African Americans

What did Booker T. Washington believe?

gradual change to achieve political, civil, and social rights for African Americans

Whose assassination sparked WWI?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Which Serbian Nationalist shot the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife?

The Black Hand

What was the Sussex Pledge?

Germany would warn US ships before sinking them

What happened to the Lusitania?

It was sunk by a German submarine with great loss of American civilian life

What is unrestricted submarine warfare?

German practice of sinking submarines without warning of any ship around Britain

What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

A telegram sent by Germany to Mexico asking them to join the war on the Central Powers' side.

Who led the Russian Revolution in 1917?

Lenin

What was the treaty that ended World War 1?

The Treaty of Versailles

What was the Fourteen Points?

President Wilson's plan for organizing post WWI Europe and to avoid future wars; included establishing the League of Nations and no more secret alliances

What was the League of Nations?

an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

Why did the US reject the Treaty of Versailles?

Many senators that it unfairly blamed Germany for the war

What did the 18th amendment state?

It forbid the manufacture, sale, transportation of alcoholic beverages within the U.S.

What is a speakeasy?

An illegal bar

Why was prohibition regarded as a failure?

It was too difficult and too expensive to enforce

What is a flapper?

women who rebelled against traditional women's role in the 1920's

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

Period of Great African American artistic accomplishment that began in the 1920s in the Harlem neighborhood of NYC

What is nativism?

prejudice against foreign-born people

What was the outcome of the Sacco and Vanzetti Trial?

prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied, revealed the extent of nativism in the US

What was the Scopes Monkey Trial?

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism (science vs. religion)

What caused the Great Depression?

The stock market crash of 1929

How did Hoover respond to the Great Depression?

He believed in voluntary cooperation and private charity with no direct federal relief

What does buying a stock on margin mean?

Borrow money to help pay for the stock

What is deficit spending?

spending more money than the government receives in revenue

What was the Dust Bowl and what caused it?

Crisis in the farm industry- many farmers lost their homes. Caused by over use of the land- poor farming techniques

How did Roosevelt respond to the Great Depression?

He proposed The New Deal which was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms

What was the New Deal?

A collection of reforms intended to restart economic growth in the Depression-era United States

What were bank holidays?

Many governors declared bank holidays, which closed the remaining banks before bank runs could put them out of business

What was Roosevelt's Court Packing Plan?

FDR expanding the size of the supreme court in order to change its balance in favor of the New Deal.

What were Roosevelt's fireside chats?

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

What was the Atlantic Charter?

pact signed by Great Britain and the United States that endorsed certain principles for building a lasting peace and establishing free governments in the world and pledged joint defense of the Atlantic

What was the Lend-Lease Act?

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S.

How did the U.S. respond to Japanese Aggression?

July 1940 USA stopped exporting wheat to Japan, by 1941 cut off oil. Hitler encouraged Japan to attack so USA not strong for Germany.

What event caused the US to enter WWII?

Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941

What were some of the ways that civilians supported the homefront during WWII?

Women in the Workforce, expansion of War Industries, Rationing of Supplies

Why were Japanese Americans placed in Internment Camps?

Fears of Japanese Americans being disloyal to the US

What was Korematsu v. US?

1944 Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans.

What was the island hopping campaign?

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

What was D-Day?

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

What was the Nazi "final solution of the Jewish question"?

To exterminate the Jewish population of Europe

What was the Manhattan Project?

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

How did the U.S. force Japan to surrender?

They dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

What was the Truman Doctrine?

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

What was the policy of containment?

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

What was NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)?

A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations

What is a proxy war?

a war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly

What was the Berlin Airlift?

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

What was the Korean War about?

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

What was the Domino Theory during the Cold War?

the idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control

What was the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)?

A congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II.

What is McCarthyism?

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism

What was the Bay of Pigs invasion?

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba