comte
first sociologist
defined sociology
most important contribution was positivism
marx
conflict school
bourgeois and proletariat
durkheim
theorist of structural functionalism
anthropology
the study of mankind
sociology
the study of society
psychology
the study of the individual and the human mind
positivism
rigidly apply the scientific method in order to obtain quantifiable data that can be used to evaluate society
structural functionalism
purpose; to study how social structures function to serve the needs of society
society is best studied as an organic system like the human body
criticism; does not account for the destructive forces within society
conflict school
to study how power forms the basis of relationships between different groups and creates social conflict
feminist school
to study how power imbalance creates conflicts between genders
symbolic interactionism
study the individuals role and place in the broader society and how they come to understand their society through both social interaction and individual interpretations of social systems and institutions
chicago school
to study how the physical environment and social structures shape individual behaviour
builds on the concepts of symbolic interactionism
weber
modified marxs conflict approach - too simplistic
professional class
believed in bureaucracies
leaky
mentored and worked closely with jane goodall
values
shared ideas and standards considered acceptable and binding
norms
expectations about how people should behave in particular contexts
roles
the expected behaviour of a person in a particular social position
bourgeoise
the wealthy minority who owned the factories and means of production
proletariat
the poor majority, working class who sell their labour
physical anthropology
studies the biological development of the human species
sub disciplines; palaeontology primatology human variation
cultural anthropology
study past and present cultures and look for cultural variation
sub disciplines; ethology linguistic anthropology archeology
jane goodall
primatologist that demonstrated the direct link chimps have with human due to their evolutionary link
darwin
established concept of natural selection to explain how plant and animals evolved
suggested humans first evolved in africa
dart
discovered a skull quarry in south africa, first skull found was african origin
primatology
the study of chimpanzees
behavioural psychology/behaviourism
primary focus is on studying understanding and changing behaviour
psychodynamic/psychoanalytic psychology
a school whose clinical approach to therapy focuses on resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings and memories
cognitive psychology
the study and application of how the brain learns
humanist psychology
a response to alleged limitations of psychoanalytic and behavioural psychology
emphasize the role of the client in clinical psychology
skinner
operant conditioning
concerned with only observable behaviours, not the mental processes behind them
used rats and pigeons
pavlov
classical conditioning
freud
most famous and controversial psychologist
two major theories of psychology; psychoanalytic theory and psychosexual theory
jung
former student of freud
disagreed with freud
founder of analytic psychology
alder
a core psychoanalytic thinker
maslow
one of the founders of humanist psychology
interested in studying people who are well
self- actualization
psychological needs
basic survival needs, physical well-being
security needs
security and protection needs from danger and fear
living a normal life of freedom
belonging needs
social needs, a sense of belonging, giving and receiving support, social acceptance and friendliness
esteem needs
self-esteem needs and a sense of integrity, personal satisfaction and social relevance/importance
self-actualization
the highest need, the strongest sense of self, a life full of meaning and fulfillment
rogers
created clients centred therapy
conscious mind
memories and feelings in our mind that we can recall
unconscious mind
memories and feeling in our mind that we cannot recall
id
the pleasure principle; to fulfill your immediate desire
superego
moral compass principle; encourages you to make the right choice
ego
reality principle; attempts to balance the id and superego rationally
behavioural and classical conditioning
learning by association between a stimulus and a response, no new behaviour is learned
operant conditioning
learning can be programmed and conditioned by introducing specific consequences to specific behaviours
unconditioned response
the natural response to an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that naturally triggers a response
conditioned stimulus
an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response
the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
defence mechanism
the egos way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety
the ego represses unacceptable memories thoughts and feelings by transferring them to the unconscious mind