Unit 1 Psych Exam Review

exploring social sciences

comte

first sociologist

defined sociology

most important contribution was **positivism**

marx

conflict school

bourgeois and proletariat

durkheim

theorist of structural functionalism

anthropology

the study of mankind

sociology

the study of society

psychology

the study of the individual and the human mind

positivism

rigidly apply the scientific method in order to obtain quantifiable data that can be used to evaluate society

structural functionalism

purpose; to study how social structures function to serve the needs of society

society is best studied as an organic system like the human body

criticism; does not account for the destructive forces within society

conflict school

to study how power forms the basis of relationships between different groups and creates social conflict

feminist school

to study how power imbalance creates conflicts between genders

symbolic interactionism

study the individuals role and place in the broader society and how they come to understand their society through both social interaction and individual interpretations of social systems and institutions

chicago school

to study how the physical environment and social structures shape individual behaviour

builds on the concepts of symbolic interactionism

weber

modified marxs conflict approach - too simplistic

professional class

believed in bureaucracies

leaky

mentored and worked closely with jane goodall

values

shared ideas and standards considered acceptable and binding

norms

expectations about how people should behave in particular contexts

roles

the expected behaviour of a person in a particular social position

bourgeoise

the wealthy minority who owned the factories and means of production

proletariat

the poor majority, working class who sell their labour

physical anthropology

studies the biological development of the human species

sub disciplines; palaeontology primatology human variation

cultural anthropology

study past and present cultures and look for cultural variation

sub disciplines; ethology linguistic anthropology archeology

jane goodall

primatologist that demonstrated the direct link chimps have with human due to their evolutionary link

darwin

established concept of natural selection to explain how plant and animals evolved

suggested humans first evolved in africa

dart

discovered a skull quarry in south africa, first skull found was african origin

primatology

the study of chimpanzees

behavioural psychology/behaviourism

primary focus is on studying understanding and changing behaviour

psychodynamic/psychoanalytic psychology

a school whose clinical approach to therapy focuses on resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings and memories

cognitive psychology

the study and application of how the brain learns

humanist psychology

a response to alleged limitations of psychoanalytic and behavioural psychology 

emphasize the role of the client in clinical psychology

skinner

operant conditioning

concerned with only observable behaviours, not the mental processes behind them  

used rats and pigeons  

pavlov

classical conditioning

freud

most famous and controversial psychologist  

two major theories of psychology; psychoanalytic theory and psychosexual theory

jung

former student of freud

disagreed with freud

founder of analytic psychology

alder

a core psychoanalytic thinker

maslow

one of the founders of humanist psychology

interested in studying people who are well

self- actualization

1. psychological needs

basic survival needs, physical well-being

2. security needs

security and protection needs from danger and fear

living a normal life of freedom

3. belonging needs

social needs, a sense of belonging, giving and receiving support, social acceptance and friendliness

4. esteem needs

self-esteem needs and a sense of integrity, personal satisfaction and social relevance/importance

5. self-actualization

the highest need, the strongest sense of self, a life full of meaning and fulfillment

rogers

created clients centred therapy

conscious mind

memories and feelings in our mind that we can recall

unconscious mind

memories and feeling in our mind that we cannot recall

id

the pleasure principle; to fulfill your immediate desire

superego

moral compass principle; encourages you to make the right choice

ego

reality principle; attempts to balance the id and superego rationally

behavioural and classical conditioning

learning by association between a stimulus and a response, no new behaviour is learned

operant conditioning

learning can be programmed and conditioned by introducing specific consequences to specific behaviours

unconditioned response

the natural response to an unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally triggers a response

conditioned stimulus

an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

defence mechanism

the egos way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety

the ego represses unacceptable memories thoughts and feelings by transferring them to the unconscious mind