Review These Anatomy Topics

What transmits the sensation of contact with the teeth when they occlude?

PDL

Functions of the PDL include formation and maintenance to fibrous and calcified tissue, nutritional metabolites transport and sensory functions of pain and displacement sensitivity (sensation = occlusion)

1. Which vein of the head and neck is formed by the drainage of venous blood from the pterygoid plexus?

Maxillary Vein

Lingual Vein drains what?

Areas of the tongue

Facial Vein and Retromandibular drains what?

Into the interjugular

Which premolars often has a third cusp?

Mand 2nd premolar

Pits in the occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars are generally found at the junction of:

Developmental grooves

Which tooth has a non-functional lingual cusp?

Mand 1st premolar

The cusp of Carabelli of the permanent maxillary first molar is located on the:

Mesiolingual cusp

The Curve of Spee is from the buccal aspect with the cusp tips of posterior teeth curved anteroposteriorly

True

For mandibular teeth, the curve is convex, and for maxillary teeth, it is concave

False

The largest and longest cusp in posterior teeth is the:

Mesiolingual cusp of a maxillary first molar

Which of these structures is NOT located on the sphenoid bone?

Stylomastoid foramen

Which muscle pulls the lateral borders of the tongue downward?

Hyoglossus

Hyoglossus

Depresses tongue

Styloglossus

Retracts tongue

Genioglossus

Protrudes tongue

Extrinsic Muscles

Genioglossus

Styloglossus

Hyoglossus

Innervation of Extrinsic Muscles

CN 12 (Motor) (hypoglossal nerve)

Sensory innervation = Anterior 2/3rd is the lingual nerve (V3) & chorda tympani

Posterior 3rd is CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)

Blood Supply: Lingual artery

Intrinsic Muscles

Superior longitudinal

Transverse

Vertical

Inferior longitudinal

Shapes the tongue

Innervation: CN: 12 - Hypoglossal

Blood supply artery: Lingual Artery

Palatoglossus muscle

Elevates base of tongue

Depresses soft palate

Innervated by pharyngeal plexus; separates oral cavity and pharynx

Initiates swallowing

Innervation: CN 10 and CN 11

Pterygomandibular fold

Tissue that extends from the junction of the hard and soft palates down to the mandible (distal to the last tooth) and stretches upon opening

Referred to as raphe

Sublingual Caruncle

A small papilla on the lingual frenum which are duct openings from submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Plica sublinguals

V shaped ridges on each side of the frenum which empty the sublingual salivary glands

Foliate

Contain taste buds (red in color)

Circumvallate

10-14

Contain taste buds

associated with ducts of Von Ebner’s glands

Large

Filiform

The most numerous but do not contain taste buds

Keratinized tissue give tongue a velvety texture

Associated with geographic tongue and hairy tongue (whitish tint in color)

Foliate Lingual

Located on the lateral surface (side) of the tongue

Some contain taste buds

Sulcus Terminalis

Separation of 1/3 posterior and 2/3 anterior portions of the tongue with the foramen cecum at the point (which is remnant of median thyroid diverticulum in early embryonic development/origin of the thyroid gland)

Which of the following papilla does NOT have taste buds?

Filiform

Where is the insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

TMJ disc and neck of the mandibular condyle

What best describes a lingula?

A tongue shaped, sharp bony spine overlapping the mandibular foramen, giving attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament.

The TMJ structure consists of:

Two synovial compartments

Which of the following signs is not expected to be seen in a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder?

Swelling and erythema over the joint

Temporal Bone

Includes:

Articular eminence

Articular fossa

Postglenoid process

Mandible

Includes:

Condyle

Coronoid process

Mandibular notch

Joint Capsule

Completely encloses the TMJ

Wraps around the margin of the articular eminence, articular fossa, and around the circumference of the condyle including the condyle neck

Articular Discs

Also called meniscus of the joint which divides the TMJ into two compartments called synovial cavities where synovial fluid is produced to lubricate the joint

Fibrous, dense, CT

The disk can thin over time and/or dislocate

Ligaments

TMJ ligament

Sphenomandibular ligament

Stylomandibular ligament

Movement

Allows movement of the mandible for speech and mastication

Two types of movement including gliding and rotational

Includes protrusion (jaw forward) for gliding/speech/mastication Retraction (jaw backwards), depression (jaw lowered), and elevation (jaw raised) for rotation

Trismus

Limited ability to open the mouth (hypomobility) due to the contraction of the MOM (lockjaw)

Subluxation

Dislocation of both joints caused by opening the mouth too wide

Arteiries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

O2 is bound to hemoglobin

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

The exception:

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs

The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to the left side of the heart

Right Side

Aorta --- Brachiocephalic ---- Common Carotid ---- internal and external carotids

Left Side

Aorta --- Common Carotid --- internal and external carotids

Common Carotid Branches

Internal Carotid (supplies the brain and associated structures)

External Carotid (supplies extra-cranial tissues including the oral cavity)

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Common Carotid Branches: Key Branches

Facial artery: supplies muscles of facial expression, nose, soft palate, pharynx

Lingual artery: supplies superahyoid, tongue, and floor of the mouth

Superior thyroid: supplies thyroid and adjacent muscles

Maxillary artery (terminal branch) supplies teeth, muscles of mastication, hard/soft palate, and nasal (blood supply for BOTH maxilla and mandible)

Glandular tissues

Include:

Lacrimal

Salivary

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Thymus

Pituitary gland

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Glands produce chemical secretions and include exocrine and endocrine glands

Endocrine glands

No ducts

Secretes directly into the blood

Exocrine

Associated with a duct

Thyroid Gland

Endocrine gland that secretes thyroxine hormone which stimulates metabolic rate and protein synthesis

Parathyroid Gland

Endocrine gland that secretes parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium and phosphate levels

Thymus Gland

Endocrine gland that developes T-cell lymphocytes

Pituitary Gland

Endocrine

Protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the cranium which helps control: growth, blood pressure, certain functions of sex organs, thyroid glands, and metabolism as well as some aspects of pregnancy, childbirth, nursing, water/salt concentration at the kidneys, temperature regulation and pain relief

Which anatomical structure converts glucose to glycogen?

Liver

Where does the exchange of materials between blood and tissues occur?

Capillaries

Where does the kidney filter blood through?

Glomerulus

Which of the following is the only artery to carry deoxygenated blood?

Pulmonary artery

Which vein of the head and neck is formed by the drainage of venous blood from the pterygoid plexus?

Maxillary vein

Which artery provides blood flow to the floor of the mouth?

Lingual artery

What is the correct direction of the blood flow through the heart?

Right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood) - lungs -pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood) - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aorta

The volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle is the:

Cardiac output (CO)

Exocrine Glands

Salivary Glands

Parasympathetic stimulation: evokes a copious flow of saliva

Sympathetic stimulation: produces either a small flow which is rich in protein or no flow at all

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Both are exocrine glands and have associated ducts which drain saliva into the oral cavity

Parodid

Largest salivary gland

25% of saliva produced

Facial nerve passes through parotid DOES NOT innervate

Stenson’s duct or parotid duct (empties opposite maxillary molars)

Submandibular

2nd largest salivary gland

Produces 60-65% of total volume

Wharton’s duct or submandibular duct (anterior of the floor of the mouth, empties into caruncle)

Most common gland to be associated with a salivary stone or Sialoliths

Sublingual

Smallest

Produces 10% of total volume

Bartholin’s duct or sublingual duct, near the midline of the the floor of the mouth on each side of the lingual frenum

Also empties along the sublingual fold known as the Rivinus ducts

Both ducts empty at caruncle

Von Ebner’s glands

Minor salivary glands

Found at circumvallate papillae

Secrete serous fluid

Facilitate perception of taste through secretion of digestive enzymes and proteins

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerve ganglion, nerve, afferent (sensory) nerve from skin and efferent (motor) nerve tp muscle that stretch from the CNS

Cervical nerves

Composed of 8 nerve pairs arising from the spinal cord distributed in other parts of the body such as the skin, skeletal muscles, and blood vessels (C1-C8)

Cranial nerves

Composed of 12 pairs that arise from the brain and are distributed in the head, neck, and facial regions (I-XII)

Action potential

Rapid depolarization of the cell membrane that results in propagation of the nerve impulse along the membrane

Afferent nerve (arrive)

Sensory nerve that carries information from the periphery of the body to the brain or spinal cord

Efferent (exit)

Motor nerve that carries info away from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery of the body

Innervation

Supply of nerves to tissue or organs

Nerve

Bundle of neural processes outside of CNS

Part of the PNS

Synapse

Junction between two neurons or between a neuron and effector organ, where neural impulses are transmitted by electrical or chemical means

Cranial Nerves

1 Olfactory

2 Optic

3 Oculomotor

4 Trochlear

5 Trigeminal

6 Abducens

7 Facial

8 Vestibulocochlear

9 Glossopharyngeal

10 Vagus

11 Accessory

12 Hypoglossal

1 Olfactory

Smell

2 Optic

Vison

3 Oculomotor

Eye muscles of the eye

4 Trochlear

superior oblique eye muscles

5 Trigeminal

Sensory from face and mouth

Motor to muscles of mastication (chewing)

6 Abducens

Lateral rectus of eye muscles

7 Facial

Serves the muscles of facial expression, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands

8 Vestibulocochlear

Equilibrium and hearing

9 Glossopharyngeal

Serves the pharynx (throat) for swallowing, posterior third of the tongue and parotid salivary gland

10 Vagus

Sensations from visceral (internal) organs and parasympathetic motor regulation of visceral organs

11 Accessory

Serves muscles that move head, neck, and shoulders

12 Hypoglossal

Serves muscles of the tongue

Sensory or Motor CN Mnemonic

Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Boobs Marry Money

V1

Ophthalmic

Sensory Only

Through the super orbital fissure

V2

Maxillary

Sensory Only

Through foramen rotundum to pterygopalatine fossa

V3

Through foramen ovale to infratemporal fossa

Sensory and Motor

CN VII Facial Nerve

Serves the:

Muscles of facial expression

Posterior suprahyoid muscles

Lacrimal gland

Sublingual gland

Submandibular gland

Tongue part

Part of skin through its greater petrosal

Chorda tympani

Posterior auricular nerves

Muscular branches

Motor and Sensory

PSA Block

Maxillary molars bucccal / pulpul (except for MB root of 1st molar)

MSA Block

Max premolars buccal/pulpul and MB root of 1st molar

IO Block and ASA

Maxillary incisors, canine facial/pulpul and premolars buccal/pulpul

NP Block

Maxillary incisors and canine lingual